Figure 2.

Two possible mechanisms of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) regulation in Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Upregulation of PD‐L1 is mediated by 2 mechanisms. One is the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)‐mediated oncogenic pathway, which is independent of inflammatory signals in the tumor microenvironment. The other is the γ‐interferon (IFN‐γ) mediated inflammatory pathway, which depends on an antiviral and antitumor immune response. IKK, IκB kinase; NF‐κB, nuclear factor‐κB; PD‐1, programmed cell death protein‐1; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription