Table 3.
Characteristics of the study subjects according to changes in SMI over one year (N = 11,639)
| Group 1 (< 0%) (n =6525) |
Group 2 (0–1%) (n = 3734) |
Group 3 (> 1%) (n = 1380) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMI 1-year increases (%) | − 0.80 (0.66) | 0.43 (0.28) | 1.65 (0.80) | ||||||
| Baseline | 1-year follow up | Baseline | 1-year follow up | Baseline | 1-year follow up | P value* | P value† | P value‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 51.1 (7.9) | 52.2 (7.9) | 50.5 (7.8) | 51.6 (7.8) | 49.7 (8.0) | 50.8 (8.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Sex (women) | 2444 (37.5) | – | 1724 (46.2) | – | 725 (52.5) | – | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.4 (8.2) | 82.2 (8.2) | 80.9 (8.6) | 80.9 (8.3) | 80.2 (8.6) | 79.0 (8.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Body weight (kg) | 64.5 (10.1) | 65.2 (10.1) | 63.8 (10.5) | 63.4 (10.4) | 63.1 (10.5) | 61.4 (10.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (2.5) | 23.6 (2.5) | 23.3 (2.6) | 23.1 (2.6) | 23.2 (2.7) | 22.5 (2.5) | 0.750 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 1527 (23.4) | 1817 (27.9) | 898 (24.1) | 800 (21.4) | 347 (25.1) | 220 (15.9) | 0.355 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ASM (kg) | 20.5 (4.2) | 20.2 (4.2) | 19.7 (4.3) | 19.9 (4.3) | 19.2 (4.3) | 19.7 (4.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 15.4 (4.4) | 16.7 (4.4) | 16.4 (4.5) | 15.8 (4.3) | 16.7 (4.5) | 14.3 (4.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Percent fat mass (%) | 24.0 (6.0) | 25.7 (5.9) | 25.7 (6.0) | 25.0 (5.9) | 26.6 (6.1) | 23.4 (5.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| SMI (%) | 31.7 (3.1) | 30.9 (3.1) | 30.7 (3.1) | 31.2 (3.1) | 30.3 (3.2) | 31.9 (3.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ASM/BMI (m2) | 0.881 (0.155) | 0.857 (0.151) | 0.846 (0.153) | 0.859 (0.154) | 0.826 (0.156) | 0.875 (0.160) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 627 (9.6) | 715 (11.0) | 333 (8.9) | 356 (9.5) | 119 (8.6) | 130 (9.4) | 0.345 | 0.037 | 0.035 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 113.7 (14.9) | 117.8 (15.3) | 114.4 (15.1) | 116.0 (15.5) | 114.7 (15.5) | 114.4 (15.9) | 0.017 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.3 (10.3) | 74.6 (10.8) | 71.0 (10.7) | 73.0 (11.1) | 71.0 (11.1) | 71.6 (11.4) | 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking, never/past/current, n (%) | 3402/1944/1179 (52.1/29.8/18.1) | – | 2209/994/531 (59.2/26.6/14.2) | – | 869/319/192 (63.0/23.1/13.9) | – | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 829 (12.7) | – | 573 (15.4) | – | 236 (17.1) | – | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 590 (9.0) | – | 417 (11.2) | – | 156 (11.3) | – | 0.001 | – | – |
| IFG, n (%) | 681 (10.4) | 872 (13.4) | 418 (11.2) | 451 (12.1) | 172 (12.5) | 150 (10.9) | 0.073 | 0.018 | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | – | 91 (1.4) | – | 32 (0.9) | – | 7 (0.5) | – | 0.003 | – |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.3 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4)| | 5.3 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.4) | 0.098 | 0.070 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 89.0 (8.7) | 91.2 (9.6) | 89.2 (8.7) | 90.3 (9.1) | 89.4 (9.4) | 89.5 (8.9) | 0.168 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting insulina (μIU/mL) | 8.51 (3.38) | 8.29 (3.56) | 8.62 (3.41) | 7.83 (3.54) | 8.47 (3.60) | 7.29 (3.58) | 0.379 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IRa | 1.89 (0.80) | 1.89 (0.89) | 1.92 (0.80) | 1.76 (0.86) | 1.90 (0.86) | 1.63 (0.88) | 0.249 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 88.5 (12.1) | 88.1 (12.6) | 88.8 (12.3) | 88.4 (13.1) | 89.5 (13.4) | 88.7 (14.2) | 0.042 | 0.299 | 0.496 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.0 (31.9) | 199.1 (32.8) | 196.9 (33.2) | 197.1 (32.2) | 196.0 (33.7) | 193.9 (32.5) | 0.018 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 110.8 (60.2) | 115.0 (58.8) | 114.1 (69.9) | 107.9 (56.1) | 109.9 (55.6) | 97.8 (45.3) | 0.028 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.3 (13.6) | 56.4 (13.5) | 58.8 (14.0) | 57.5 (13.8) | 59.4 (14.3) | 59.3 (13.9) | 0.016 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 123.2 (28.0) | 124.2 (27.8) | 124.6 (29.1) | 121.2 (28.2) | 123.9 (29.4) | 116.5 (28.0) | 0.043 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.11 (0.36) | 0.11 (0.32) | 0.11 (0.27) | 0.10 (0.24) | 0.10 (0.19) | 0.09 (0.24) | 0.144 | 0.069 | 0.125 |
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or number (percent)
ASM appendicular skeletal muscle mass, BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL high density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, IFG impaired fasting glucose, LDL low density lipoprotein, SBP systolic blood pressure, SMI skeletal muscle mass index
* Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables at baseline
†Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables at 1-year follow up
‡An ANCOVA model for comparing changes from baseline at year 1 after the adjustment for corresponding baseline values
aA total of 9963 subjects and 7701 subjects were analyzed due to missing fasting insulin and HOMA-IR values at baseline and at year 1, respectively