Fig. 1.

Registrants in New York City. Shown are the (jittered) locations of registrants for the public/private naturalization program in New York City (registrants outside this area are not shown to maintain privacy). Red dots indicate the very low-income registrants who were potentially eligible for the federal fee waiver and were randomly assigned to the nudges. Blue dots indicate the low-income registrants who participated in the fee voucher lottery.