Table 2.

Novel educational tools for lifelong learning in cardiology. Three proposed educational strategies (personalized learning, adaptive learning, and the flipped classroom) to improve lifelong learning for cardiologists are detailed.

Educational Strategy	Description	Advantages	Applications
Personalized Learning	Knowledge acquisition is facilitated by determining the specific needs of the learner and then customizing educational content Based on data from an individual’s survey or standardized pre-test assessment, a tailor-made curriculum is generated based on strengths and weaknesses	Overcomes time constraints Tailored to learner’s needs Incorporation of practical knowledge and skills Harnesses technology to keep learning up-to-date and relevant	Simulation training Video-based coaching Personalized educational portfolios Digital platforms
Adaptive Learning	Employs computational algorithms to continuously ‘adapt’ any given test to enhance feedback and user performance where knowledge gaps may exist Also employed in the small-group setting with case-based sessions under the guidance of expert moderators	Overcomes time constraints Tailored to learner’s needs Optimizes ‘teachable moments’ in a given educational session Well-suited for mobile device learning	Procedural skills Online board review courses Maintenance of certification Challenging educational topics and clinical scenarios
Flipped Classroom	Learner views multimodality instructional material ahead of a live or virtual classroom session During class, participants work collaboratively on an assignment or patient case based on the didactic material	Overcomes time constraints Effectively translates theoretical knowledge to its application in clinical practice Utilizes multiple learning modalities	Procedural skills Didactic sessions at conferences Maintenance of certification