Table 1.
Emissions in pmol m-2 s-1 of selected biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) analysed by a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) during heat shock and thallus wounding experiments in L. pulmonaria samples. MVK stands for methyl vinyl ketone, MACR stands for methacrolein. Values represent the average of 3 independent experiments ±SE.
| Most probable compound name | Protonated compound (MW) | Pre-stress level | Heat shock at 37 °C | Heat shock at 46 °C | Heat shock at 51 °C | Leaf wounding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VCCPs | ||||||
| β–CC + dihydrocarvone | (C10H16O)H+ (153.128) | 1.75±0.24 | 3.13±0.51 | 5.12±0.42 | 5.34±0.71 | 5.94±0.42 |
| Hydroxycyclocitral | (C10H16O2)H+ (169.122) | 0.81±0.10 | 1.56±0.19 | 1.95±0.10 | 3.12±0.43 | 3.30±0.28 |
| Ionene | (C13H18)H+ (175.148) | 0.70±0.11 | 0.68±0.03 | 0.80±0.10 | 0.73±0.15 | 0.67±0.08 |
| Dihydroactinidiolide | (C11H16O2)H+ (181.122) | 0.36±0.03 | 0.80±0.10 | 0.96±0.04 | 0.95±0.12 | 0.75±0.10 |
| Ionone | (C13H20O)H+ (193.159) | 0.26±0.05 | 2.73±0.16 | 2.99±0.08 | 2.42±0.36 | 1.54±0.13 |
| Geranyl acetone | (C13H22O)H+ (195.174) | 0.40±0.03 | 0.42±0.05 | 0.43±0.01 | 0.55±0.10 | 0.42±0.10 |
| Hydroxyionone | (C13H20O2)H+ (209.154) | 0.24±0.02 | 0.57±0.08 | 0.77±0.01 | 0.81±0.11 | 0.56±0.09 |
| Ionol | (C15H24O)H+ (211.190) | 0.57±0.03 | 0.53±0.08 | 0.48±0.04 | 0.41±0.06 | 0.45±0.04 |
| LOXs | ||||||
| Hexenols (frag) + hexanal (frag) | (C6H10)H+ (83.086) | 15.7±1.7 | 18.4±0.6 | 28.0±3.7 | 56.3±7.8 | 68.6±15.9 |
| Pentenone + pentenal | (C5H8O)H+ (85.065) | 6.00±0.64 | 9.74±1.83 | 19.5±1.5 | 63.7±8.4 | 61.7±12.2 |
| Hexanol (frag) | (C6H12)H+ (85.101) | 1.85±0.16 | 6.77±0.51 | 5.77±0.65 | 6.09±0.97 | 7.57±1.05 |
| Pentanol | (C5H12O)H+ (87.080) | 7.15±0.46 | 54.6±4.2 | 65.3±1.6 | 101.7±14.4 | 83.2±20.1 |
| Hexenal | (C6H10O)H+ (99.080) | 4.25±0.64 | 7.19±1.98 | 6.61±0.16 | 10.0±1.9 | 8.84±1.31 |
| Hexanal + hexenols | (C6H12O)H+ (101.096) | 3.52±0.65 | 6.26±0.36 | 7.22±0.64 | 18.4±2.3 | 18.9±3.4 |
| Hexanol | (C6H14O)H+ (103.112) | 0.27±0.04 | 0.27±0.6 | 0.33±0.03 | 0.52±0.06 | 0.46±0.05 |
| Hexenyl acetate | (C8H14O2)H+ (143.107) | 7.35±1.02 | 7.76±1.41 | 12.1±1.1 | 17.5±2.5 | 20.5±1.4 |
| Hexyl acetate | (C8H16O2)H+ (145.122) | 1.20±0.18 | 2.63±0.29 | 2.65±0.18 | 3.12±0.47 | 2.96±0.54 |
| Isoprenoids | ||||||
| MVK + MACR | (C4H6O)H+ (71.049) | 11.5±1.1 | 34.7±7.7 | 44.9±3.4 | 96.9±14.1 | 82.9±18.4 |
| Monoterpenes (frag) + hexenal (frag) | (C6H8)H+ (81.070) | 5.31±0.81 | 13.0±1.4 | 19.7±0.9 | 17.5±3.1 | 16.5±3.0 |
| Monoterpenes (frag) | (C7H10)H+ (95.086) | 20.4±2.4 | 304.0±45.3 | 218.2±20.8 | 114.8±20.0 | 94.1±4.5 |
| Monoterpenes | (C10H16)H+ (137.133) | 5.68±0.74 | 8.22±1.55 | 11.46±1.20 | 7.42±1.28 | 7.46±0.24 |
| Carvone | (C10H14O)H+ (151.112) | 0.91±0.09 | 0.64±0.05 | 0.77±0.08 | 1.05±0.16 | 0.54±0.11 |
| Menthone | (C10H18O)H+ (155.143) | 2.18±0.48 | 2.28±0.39 | 3.95±0.33 | 4.40±0.61 | 6.37±0.87 |
| Menthol+Decanal | (C10H20O)H+ (157.159) | 6.67±1.06 | 6.46±0.91 | 7.28±0.34 | 7.02±1.14 | 7.07±0.56 |
| Sesquiterpenes | (C15H24)H+ (205.195) | 2.21±0.19 | 2.58±0.39 | 4.22±0.51 | 2.18±0.29 | 2.31±0.12 |
| Benzenoids | ||||||
| Benzene | (C6H6)H+ (79.054) | 20.2±2.0 | 27.0±6.1 | 23.6±1.8 | 33.6±5.1 | 27.1±1.4 |
| Phenol | (C6H6O)H+ (95.049) | 140.6±22.4 | 1840±140 | 1198±120 | 554.7±91.8 | 383.4±31.4 |
| Benzaldehyde | (C7H6O)H+ (107.049) | 4.81±0.54 | 21.7±2.2 | 27.8±0.3 | 102.9±15.4 | 92.9±6.24 |
| Xylene | (C8H10)H+ (107.086) | 0.70±0.03 | 1.87±0.12 | 2.09±0.17 | 2.78±0.38 | 3.36±0.33 |
| Methoxybenzene | (C7H8O)H+ 109.065 | 4.32±0.37 | 21.9±5.4 | 17.8±1.2 | 17.3±2.1 | 15.3±0.8 |
| Benzoic acid | (C7H6O2)H+ (123.044) | 2.12±0.11 | 2.95±0.37 | 2.15±0.09 | 7.33±1.34 | 6.44±1.21 |
| Dimethoxybenzene | (C8H10O2)H+ (139.075) | 14.3±2.7 | 53.4±5.6 | 17.2±0.9 | 18.4±2.6 | 13.5±0.6 |
| Ethyl salicylate | (C9H10O3)H+ (167.070) | 0.78±0.05 | 2.12±0.55 | 2.82±0.27 | 8.25±1.01 | 9.16±1.63 |
| Other VOCs | ||||||
| Methanol | (CH4O)H+ (33.034) | 10.2±0.3 | 187.2±20.1 | 713.0±14.4 | 1261±179 | 1373±119 |
| Acetaldehyde | (C2H4O)H+ (45.034) | 124.6±25.0 | 1230±158 | 1697±39 | 5839±789 | 3883±697 |
| Ethanediol | (C2H6O2)H+ (63.044) | 46.6±7.0 | 471.4±28.8 | 429.6±17.3 | 1308±216 | 1022±146 |
| Propanediol | (C3H8O2)H+ (77.060) | 15.3±3.4 | 30.0±1.1 | 33.3±2.5 | 53.4±9.1 | 43.1±6.0 |
| Ethylene carbonate | (C3H4O3)H+ (89.023) | 19.4±1.7 | 36.4±3.7 | 33.2±1.6 | 46.1±6.2 | 37.7±3.1 |
| Octadiene | (C8H14)H+ (111.117) | 17.8±0.4 | 46.5±3.7 | 46.8±2.8 | 30.6±6.1 | 41.9±4.4 |
| Heptenal | (C7H12O)H+ (113.096) | 6.33±0.92 | 9.85±1.63 | 14.4±0.9 | 32.9±4.5 | 49.4±4.5 |
| Octane | (C8H18)H+ (115.148) | 0.79±0.16 | 0.82±0.11 | 0.67±0.06 | 0.99±0.11 | 1.17±0.11 |
| Methylpentanoate | (C6H12O2)H+ (117.091) | 3.60±0.45 | 2.99±0.43 | 3.36±0.33 | 4.92±0.81 | 2.13±0.61 |
| Cyclooctanone | (C8H14O)H+ (127.112) | 8.35±0.85 | 24.4±1.5 | 20.9±1.4 | 31.4±5.9 | 40.9±3.1 |
| Met heptanoate + octanol | (C8H16O)H+ (129.127) | 42.0±8.5 | 46.1±6.27 | 61.4±2.7 | 23.7±3.1 | 19.6±2.0 |