Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| All | Non-Drinker | Moderate Drinker | Heavy Drinker | p-value | Never Smoker | Former Smoker | Current Smoker | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 384 | N = 91 | N = 205 | N = 88 | N = 139 | N = 168 | N = 77 | |||
| Age (years) | 56.2 ± 9.1 | 55.6 ± 9.6 | 55.4 ± 9.0 | 58.5 ± 8.6 | 0.026 | 56.8 ± 9.3 | 56.5 ± 9.2 | 54.3 ± 8.6 | 0.129 |
| Men | 223 (58%) | 37 (40.7%) | 123 (60%) | 63 (71.6%) | <0.001 | 74 (53.2%) | 107 (63.7%) | 42 (54.6%) | 0.142 |
| Smoking status | 0.104 | n/a | |||||||
| Never smoker | 139 (36%) | 41 (45.1%) | 74 (36.1%) | 24 (27.3%) | 139 (100%) | n/a | n/a | ||
| Former smoker | 168 (44%) | 31 (34.1%) | 94 (45.9%) | 43 (48.9%) | n/a | 168 (100%) | n/a | ||
| Current smoker | 77 (20%) | 19 (20.9%) | 37 (18.1%) | 21 (23.9%) | n/a | n/a | 77 (100%) | ||
| Cigarette smoking (pack-years) | 12.0±17.7 | 12.0±17.1 | 9.9 ± 15.1 | 17.1 ± 22.3 | 0.007 | 0 | 16.4±18.7 | 24.9±18.4 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 18.7 ± 24.0 | 0 ± 0 | 12.7 ± 10.1 | 52.2 ± 26.6 | <0.001 | 14.7 ± 19.0 | 22.4 ± 27.7 | 17.9 ± 22.3 | 0.019 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 4.9 | 29.3 ± 5.5 | 27.9 ± 4.9 | 27.1 ± 4 | 0.011 | 27.4 ± 4.5 | 29.0 ± 5.2 | 27.1 ± 4.7 | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98.5 ± 14.3 | 98.8 ± 15.4 | 98.4 ± 14.6 | 98.5 ± 12.6 | 0.967 | 96.5 ± 14 | 101.3 ± 14.8 | 96.2 ± 12.9 | 0.004 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.6 ± 16.9 | 120 ± 18.9 | 119.4 ± 15.4 | 124.2 ± 17.7 | 0.077 | 121.0 ± 16.0 | 121.5 ± 17.3 | 118.0 ± 17.3 | 0.310 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.3 ± 10.0 | 75.1 ± 11.8 | 74.9 ± 9.4 | 76.3 ± 9.2 | 0.550 | 75.4 ± 9.6 | 75.8 ± 10.1 | 74.1 ± 10.4 | 0.490 |
| Hypertension | 132 (34%) | 35 (38.5%) | 60 (29.3%) | 37 (42.1%) | 0.069 | 44 (31.7%) | 69 (41.1%) | 19 (24.7%) | 0.030 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 52 (14%) | 16 (17.6%) | 25 (12.2%) | 11 (12.5%) | 0.434 | 16 (11.5%) | 28 (16.7%) | 8 (10.4%) | 0.280 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 0.518 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 0.812 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 104.2 ± 22.7 | 101.1 ± 20.0 | 104.3 ± 23.5 | 107.1 ± 23.4 | 0.214 | 103.4 ± 25.7 | 106.2 ± 22.8 | 101.2 ± 15.8 | 0.258 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 61.9 ± 17.7 | 58.3 ± 16.7 | 61.5 ± 17.6 | 66.5 ± 18 | 0.007 | 65.4 ± 19.2 | 60.7 ± 16.6 | 58.1 ± 16 | 0.007 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 139.6 ± 33.2 | 136.4 ± 31.1 | 141.3 ± 34.7 | 138.9 ± 31.7 | 0.497 | 138.1 ± 34.8 | 137.8 ± 30.9 | 146.1 ± 34.4 | 0.157 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 131.7 ± 85.3 | 116.4 ± 60.7 | 131.6 ± 82.5 | 148 ± 108.4 | 0.046 | 120.3 ± 77.5 | 141.6 ± 97.2 | 130.8 ± 67.5 | 0.092 |
| ALT (μkat/l) | 0.52 ± 0.30 | 0.48 ± 0.29 | 0.53 ± 0.32 | 0.53 ± 0.23 | 0.278 | 0.51 ± 0.32 | 0.55 ± 0.30 | 0.46 ± 0.23 | 0.076 |
| AST (μkat/l) | 0.42 ± 0.21 | 0.40 ± 0.16 | 0.43 ± 0.26 | 0.43 ± 0.14 | 0.514 | 0.41 ± 0.14 | 0.46 ± 0.28 | 0.37 ± 0.11 | 0.006 |
| GGT (μkat/l) | 0.67 ± 0.68 | 0.51 ± 0.44 | 0.62 ± 0.61 | 0.93 ± 0.92 | <0.001 | 0.63 ± 0.60 | 0.70 ± 0.71 | 0.67 ± 0.72 | 0.654 |
| Fatty Liver Index | 54.5 ± 31.3 | 53.4 ± 32.1 | 53.9 ± 31.3 | 56.9 ± 30.8 | 0.705 | 49.1 ± 30.8 | 60.4 ± 31.2 | 51.2 ± 30.6 | 0.004 |
| Hepatic fat fraction, 1H-MRS (%) | 8.8 ± 8.0 | 7.8 ± 7.3 | 8.6 ± 7.9 | 10.3 ± 8.8 | 0.094 | 8.1 ± 7.7 | 10.5 ± 8.5 | 6.6 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| Hepatic fat fraction, MRI (%) | 8.5 ± 8.4 | 7.5 ± 7.4 | 8.5 ± 8.6 | 9.4 ± 8.8 | 0.328 | 7.6 ± 8.1 | 10.2 ± 9 | 6.2 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| FLD, 1H-MRS (%) | 198 (51.6%) | 42 (46.2%) | 101 (49.3%) | 55 (62.5%) | 0.057 | 68 (48.9%) | 106 (63.1%) | 24 (31.2%) | <0.001 |
| FLD, MRI (%) | 167 (43.5%) | 37 (40.7%) | 86 (42.0%) | 44 (50.0%) | 0.366 | 54 (38.9%) | 92 (54.8%) | 21 (27.3%) | <0.001 |
| HFF≥15%, 1H-MRS (%) | 72 (18.8%) | 12 (13.2%) | 38 (18.5%) | 22 (25%) | 0.128 | 20 (14.4%) | 43 (25.6%) | 9 (11.7%) | 0.009 |
| HFF≥15%, MRI (%) | 71 (18.5%) | 14 (15.4%) | 37 (18.1%) | 20 (22.7%) | 0.437 | 20 (14.4%) | 42 (25%) | 9 (11.7%) | 0.013 |
Data are given as mean ± standard deviation or numbers and percentages. P-values are from one-way ANOVA or χ2-test. HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL-C high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate transaminase, GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase, n/a not applicable