Table 1. Patient characteristics at baseline.
Baseline was defined as the time of the first serum creatinine measurement after 1 April 2008. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as a confirmed eGFR of less than 60mL/min/1.73m3 through two consecutive eGFR measurements at least three months apart.
| non-CKD-developers | CKD-developers | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total patients | 1843 | 81 | |
| Sex | |||
| male | 1667 (90.5%) | 79 (97.5%) | 0.031 |
| Age | |||
| median (IQR) | 45 (38–52) | 57 (51–64) | <0.001∘ |
| ATSI | |||
| n | 44 (3.0%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1.0000* |
| HIV exposure category | |||
| homosexual contact | 1292 (71.7%) | 54 (69.2%) | 0.064* |
| heterosexual contact | 383 (21.3%) | 13 (16.7%) | |
| IDU | 76 (4.2%) | 5 (6.4%) | |
| other | 51 (2.8%) | 6 (7.7%) | |
| BMI | |||
| n | 768 | 35 | |
| median (IQR) | 24.5 (22.2–26.8) | 24.6 (22.0–27.6) | 0.899∘ |
| eGFR | |||
| median (IQR) | 101 (89–111) | 73 (65–82) | <0.001 |
| ever smoked | |||
| n | 485 (53.3%) | 28 (65.1%) | 0.236 |
| HBV ever | |||
| n | 64 (4.1%) | 5 (6.9%) | 0.229* |
| HCV ever | |||
| n | 167 (10.2%) | 10 (13.5%) | 0.493 |
| CD4+ (cells/mm3) | |||
| n | 1782 | 77 | |
| median (IQR) | 520 (350–720) | 480 (285–670) | 0.176∘ |
| CD4+ nadir (cells/mm3) | |||
| n | 1562 | 81 | |
| median (IQR) | 224 (110–357) | 157 (54–250) | 0.000∘ |
| HIV viral load | |||
| n | 1740 | 75 | |
| undetectable (<50 copies/ml) | 1112 (63.9%) | 56 (74.7%) | 0.065 |
| median (IQR) | 49 (40–1145) | 49 (39–58) | 0.093∘ |
| off treatment | |||
| off | 45 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.259* |
| Treatment start era | |||
| pre-cART (prior to 1996) | 260 (14.6%) | 24 (29.6%) | <0.001 |
| early cART (1996–2007) | 753 (42.1%) | 42 (51.9%) | |
| late cART (after 2007) | 774 (43.3%) | 15 (18.5%) | |
| Year of treatment start | |||
| median | 2004 (1997–2010) | 1999 (1996–2005) | <0.001∘ |
| Years on treatment | |||
| median (IQR) | 5 (0–10) | 10 (4–13) | 0.000∘ |
| Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate exposure | |||
| never | 913 (49.5%) | 26 (32.1%) | <0.001 |
| less than 2 years | 420 (22.8%) | 15 (18.5%)) | |
| 2 years or more | 510 (27.7%) | 40 (49.4%) | |
| Indinavir exposure | |||
| never | 1508 (81.8%) | 49 (60.5%) | <0.001 |
| less than 2 years | 168 (9.1%) | 12 (14.8%)) | |
| 2 years or more | 167 (9.1%) | 20 (24.7%) | |
| Ritonavir-boosted Atazanavir exposure | |||
| never | 1538 (83.5%) | 62 (76.5%) | 0.222 |
| less than 2 years | 147 (8.0%) | 8 (9.9%)) | |
| 2 years or more | 158 (8.6%) | 11 (13.6%) | |
| other Ritonavir-boosted PI exposure | |||
| never | 1398 (75.9%) | 45 (55.6%) | <0.001 |
| less than 2 years | 202 (11.0%) | 16 (19.8%)) | |
| 2 years or more | 243 (13.2%) | 20 (24.7%) | |
*
Fisher’s exact test
∘
Mann-Whitney test
Abbreviations: ATSI, Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders; BMI, body mass index; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IDU, injecting drug use; IQR, interquartile range; PI, protease inhibitor;