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. 2018 Feb 1;8:1995. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01995

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Copyright © 2018 Lyke, Dabo, Arama, Diarra, Plowe, Doumbo and Sztein.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Parasite-specific memory subpopulations. Depicted is a representative example (A,B) of where T cells expressing intracellular IFN-γ (green) after antigen stimulation (malaria pool consisting of apical membrane antigen 1 and merozoite surface protein 1) distribute after being back gated onto the total population CD3⁺CD19⁻CD14⁻ cells following live/dead discrimination and stratified as CD4⁺ (A) or CD8⁺ (B) from a child with acute Plasmodium falciparum infection and further stratified by memory subpopulation utilizing CD45RA and CD62L surface markers. Panels (C,D) depict the distribution of cytokine-secreting (either IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL2, and/or IL17A), malaria or schistosoma-specific CD4⁺ T cells, stratified by memory subpopulation, in children with (SP) or without Schistosoma haematobium (SN), during the transmission season and at a later convalescent time point (dry season).