Fig. 5. Immune response analysis of tannic acid (TA)-treated mice or PBS-treated mice against Brucella abortus infection in mice. Mice were orally given TA or PBS from 3 days prior to infection to 14 days post-infection. At 3 days post-infection, serum samples were collected via tail vein in each animal. At 14 days post-infection, mice were sacrificed, and blood was collected from the heart. Serum samples were analyzed for cytokine release by using a flow cytometer. A statistically significant difference from the control group is indicated by asterisks (^*p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001). IL, interleukin; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IFN, interferon.