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. 2018 Feb 2;11:47–54. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S150553

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© 2018 Shakhatreh et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Frequency of some microbes in the waterpipe smokers isolated from the oral cavity of the participants. Significant changes in the frequency of black-pigmented bacteria. *Indicates significant changes (p < 0.05) using the chi-square test.