Table 4.
Frequency and CFUs of isolates of detected microorganisms from oral cavity of participants
| Microorganisms (oral) | Waterpipe frequency, N (%) | Controls frequency, N (%) | p-value, X2 test | Waterpipe CFU, mean ± SD | Controls CFU, mean ± SD | Mann–Whitney U-test p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | 55 (93.2) | 40 (97.6) | 0.327 | 0.42 ± 0.43 | 6.44 ± 36.4 | 0.20 |
| Black-pigmented bacteria | 40 (63.5) | 18 (48.7) | 0.15 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.001 |
| Campylobacter spp. | 57 (96.1) | 38 (92.7) | 0.38 | 0.60 ± 0.74 | 0.72 ± 0.74 | 0.38 |
| Viridans group streptococci | 59 (100) | 39 (95.1) | 0.087 | 37.6 ± 30.4 | 36.9 ± 39.0 | 0.69 |
| Acinetobacter and Moraxella | 4 (6.8) | 4 (9.8) | 0.59 | 0.26 ± 0.30 | 0.13 ± 0.25 | 0.49 |
| Enterobacteriaceae | 15 (25.4) | 4 (9.8) | 0.50 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 5 (8.5) | 4 (9.8) | 0.83 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.29 |
| Yeast (Candida albicans) | 6 (10.2) | 6 (14.6) | 0.50 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.31 |
Note: Significant p-value <0.05 is shown in bold.
Abbreviations: CFU, colony-forming units; SD, standard deviation.