Table 1.

Association between parasitaemia and fever

	No parasitaemia	Submicroscopic parasitaemia	Microscopic parasitaemia
Association between parasitaemia and fevera
Age 0.5–< 2
Risk	37/293 (12.6%)	16/120 (13.3%)	25/71 (35.2%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.02 (0.60–1.75)	2.72 (1.71–4.33)
p value	–	0.08	< 0.01
Age 2–< 5
Risk	88/1158 (7.6%)	59/508 (11.6%)	81/393 (20.6%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.42 (1.03–1.98)	2.56 (1.93–3.37)
p value	–	0.03	< 0.01
Age 5–10
Risk	86/2153 (4.0%)	93/1267 (7.34%)	146/1379 (10.6%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	2.01 (1.49–2.71)	2.93 (2.15–3.99)
p value	–	< 0.01	< 0.01
Age 0.5–10
Risk	211/3604 (5.6%)	168/1895 (8.9%)	252/1843 (13.7%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.67 (1.37–2.03)	2.64 (2.16–3.22)
p value	–	< 0.01	< 0.01
Age ≥ 18
Risk	50/948 (5.2%)	48/679 (7.1%)	8/106 (7.6%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.31 (0.23–0.85)	1.47 (0.70–3.06)
p value	–	0.23	0.31

	No parasitaemia	Submicroscopic parasitaemia
Association between parasitaemia and fever, excluding those with recent malariac
Age 0.5–< 2
Risk	37/284 (13.0%)	14/81 (17.3%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.32 (0.76–2.31)
p value	–	0.33
Age 2–< 5
Risk	84/1100 (7.6%)	47/378 (12.4%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.52 (1.07–2.17)
p value	–	0.02
Age 5–10
Risk	79/2034 (3.9%)	89/1161 (7.7%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.97 (1.48–2.63)
p value	–	< 0.01
Age 0.5–10
Risk	200/3418 (5.9%)	150/1620 (9.3%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.64 (1.34–2.01)
p value	–	< 0.01
Age ≥ 18
Risk	48/930 (5.2%)	47/672 (7.0%)
RRb (95% CI)	Reference group	1.31 (0.85–2.05)
p value	–	0.23

^aReported fever in prior 24 h or documented temperature of ≥ 38.0 °C at routine visit

^bAdjusted for repeated measures in the same study participant

^cExcludes participants who were diagnosed with malaria in the past 14 days or developed malaria in the next 7 days