Table 3.
Centre of pressure velocity (m/s) during each stance period phase for each of the foot posture groups
| Normal mean (SD) | Planus mean (SD) | Cavus mean (SD) | Planus vs normal mean difference (95% CI) ESa | Cavus vs normal mean difference (95% CI) ESa | Planus vs cavus mean difference (95% CI) ESa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loading response | ||||||
| Average | 0.405 (0.084) | 0.397 (0.070) | 0.400 (0.082) | −0.008 (− 0.056 to 0.040) | −0.005 (− 0.059 to 0.046) | − 0.003 (− 0.055 to 0.0482) |
| Maximum | 0.845 (0.245) | 0.797 (0.220) | 0.909 (0.272) | − 0.048 (− 0.198 to 0.102) | 0.064 (− 0.091 to 0.220) | − 0.112 (− 0.273 to 0.048) |
| Minimum | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000 to 0.000) | 0.000 (0.000 to 0.000) | 0.000 (0.000 to 0.000) |
| Range | 0.854 (0.247) | 0.795 (0.223) | 0.909 (0.267) | −0.050 (− 0.199 to 0.099) | 0.064 (− 0.090 to 0.218) | − 0.114 (− 0.272 to 0.045) |
| Midstance | ||||||
| Average | 0.435 (0.061) | 0.403 (0.091) | 0.442 (0.119) | −0.032 (− 0.088 to 0.024) | 0.007 (− 0.051 to 0.065) | −0.039 (− 0.098 to 0.020) |
| Maximum | 0.648 (0.124) | 0.596 (0.144) | 0.641 (0.161) | −0.052 (− 0.139 to 0.035) | −0.008 (− 0.097 to 0.081) | −0.044 (− 0.136 to 0.048) |
| Minimum | 0.163 (0.065) | 0.163 (0.059) | 0.173 (0.192) | 0.000 (−0.072 to 0.071) | 0.010 (−0.064 to 0.083) | 0.010 (− 0.086 to 0.065) |
| Range | 0.485 (0.157) | 0.434 (0.159) | 0.486 (0.166) | −0.051 (− 0.149 to 0.047) | 0.002 (− 0.100 to 0.103) | −0.052 (− 0.158 to 0.052) |
| Terminal stance | ||||||
| Average | 0.177 (0.069) | 0.200 (0.063) | 0.152 (0.056) | 0.023 (−0.016 to 0.062) | −0.025 (− 0.066 to 0.015) | 0.048 (0.006 to 0.090) 0.86b |
| Maximum | 0.384 (0.144) | 0.386 (0.133) | 0.361 (0.149) | 0.001 (−0.085 to 0.088) | − 0.022 (− 0.113 to 0.068) | 0.024 (− 0.068 to 0.117) |
| Minimum | 0.071 (0.030) | 0.098 (0.039) | 0.050 (0.024) | 0.027 (0.008 to 0.046) 0.77b | −0.021 (− 0.041 to − 0.001) 0.78b | 0.049 (0.028 to 0.069) 1.49c |
| Range | 0.312 (0.133) | 0.287 (0.127) | 0.311 (0.136) | −0.026 (− 0.106 to 0.055) | −0.001 (− 0.085 to 0.083) | −0.024 (− 0.111 to 0.062) |
| Pre-swing | ||||||
| Average | 0.453 (0.098) | 0.451 (0.082) | 0.484 (0.074) | −0.002 (− 0.055 to 0.051) | 0.031 (− 0.024 to 0.086) | − 0.033 (− 0.090 to 0.023) |
| Maximum | 1.324 (0.450) | 1.197 (0.493) | 1.520 (0.487) | − 0.127 (− 0.418 to 0.164) | 0.193 (− 0.110 to 0.495) | − 0.319 (− 0.631 to − 0.008) 0.66b |
| Minimum | 0.092 (0.052) | 0.141 (0.066) | 0.078 (0.040) | − 0.049 (− 0.083 to − 0.016) 0.82b | 0.014 (− 0.021 to 0.048) | − 0.063 (− 0.098 to − 0.027) 1.15c |
| Range | 1.448 (0.412) | 1.333 (0.502) | 1.595 (0.473) | − 0.115 (− 0.402 to 0.172) | 0.146 (− 0.149 to 0.442) | −0.261 (− 0.566 to 0.043) |
a ES: Effect size (Cohen’s d) only reported for statistically significant comparisons. CI confidence interval
b Significant difference between groups, p < 0.05
c Significant difference between groups, p < 0.01