Table 1.

PCR primer sequences for TGF-β1, Smad2, Smad3, SnoN and GAPDH

Gene	Forward sequence	Reverse sequence
TGF-β1	5’-ATACGCCTGAGTGGCTGTCT-3’	5’-TGGGACTGATCCCATTGATT-3’
Smad2	5’-TGAGCTTGAGAAAGCCATCA-3’	5’-TGTGTCCCACTGATCTACCG-3’
Smad3	5’-CATTACCATCCCCAGGTCAC-3’	5’-CGTAACTCATGGTGGCTGTG-3’
SnoN	5’-CCATTCAATGCCCCATCCT-3’	5’-AGTTCGTGGCCGCAATAAAG-3’
GAPDH	5’-CCTGCCAAGTATGATGACATCAAGA-3’	5’-GTAGCCCAGGATGCCCTTTAGT-3’

GADPH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Smad2, Sma- and Mad-related protein 2; Smad3, Sma- and Mad-related protein 3; SnoN, ski-related novel protein N; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1