Fig. 2.

The DMTO construction methodology. This methodology is constructed from a set of sequential steps. The first step is knowledge acquisition to collect the required knowledge from different resources, including domain experts, research in the literature, etc. The second step is DMTO ontology coding, which formulates the ontology and rules in OWL 2 format. The last step is testing and validation, which check the completeness, correctness, and consistency of the resulting ontology. This step is a semi-automated process based on checking ontology content coverage depending on expert knowledge and CPGs, and checking ontology consistency using tools such as ontology reasoners