Table 1.

Pearson product–moment correlations, means, standard deviations, and internal consistencies of scales and subscales.

Variable		1	2	3	Min	Max	M	SD	α
1	PSU				18	76	35.52	10.73	0.86
2	SMUL	0.326 ***			2	10	5.92	2.10	0.85
3	DA	−0.109 *	−0.304 ***		11	39	26.80	4.62	0.78
4	SA	0.177 ***	0.297 ***	−0.425 ***	8	34	20.12	4.93	0.75

Notes: N = 415. PSU = problematic smartphone use measured by the E-SAPS18; SMUL = Social media use in lectures; DA = deep approach to learning; SA = surface approach to learning. * p ≤ 0.05, *** p ≤ 0.001.