Table 2.

Summary table of studies on health effects.

Authors	Study Subjects (Years of Observation)	Health Outcames	Reported Findings
Senior and Mazza [1]	250,000 residents in “Triangle of Death” area (2002)	Cancer mortality	All cancers SDR * = 321.7 (M) vs. regional rate 305.6 Liver SDR = 35.9 (M) vs. regional rate 15.0 Larynx SDR = 12.8 (M) vs. regional rate 8.7 Bladder SDR = 29.3 (M) vs. regional rate 21.7 Colorectal SDR = 29 (F) vs. regional rate 26.4 Leukemia and lymphoma SDR = 28.2 vs. regional rate 17.9 (M); 18.7 vs. regional rate 16.1 (F)
Altavista et al. [19]	150,000 residents in 3 municipalities of Naples (Giugliano, Qualiano and Villaricca) (1986–2000)	Cancer mortality and congenital malformations	All cancers SMR = 107.23 (M) − 111.08 (F) Liver SMR = 181.13 (F) Lung SMR = 121.85 (M) − 176.94 (F) Larynx SMR = 211.85 (M) Bladder SMR = 130.12 (M) Stomach SMR = 56.1 (M)
Triassi et al. (review) [10]	250,000 residents in “Triangle of Death” area (2002)	Cancer mortality	In the “Triangle of Death” area, an increased in standardized death rate (vs. regional expected rate) for all cancers (SDR = 321.7 vs. 305.6 per 100,000 males) was reported, along with increases in standardized mortality rates for specific tumors such as liver, larynx, bladder, colorectal cancer and leukemia/lymphoma, especially in male population
Comba et al. [20]	About 4 million residents in 196 municipalities of Caserta and Naples (1994–2001)	Cancer mortality and congenital malformations	A statistically significant excess of cancer mortality was found in the provinces of Naples (+8.7% in men and +9.2% in women) and Caserta (+2.3% but only in males). In particular, significant excesses of liver, lung, bladder, stomach, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and kidney cancer were reported. Malformations: total, cardiovascular and urogenital
Martuzzi et al. [21]	About 4 million residents in 196 municipalities of Caserta and Naples (1994–2001)	Cancer mortality and congenital malformations	An excess of cancer mortality was reported to be associated with measures of environmental contamination. Statistically significant excess relative risks in high-index (exposed) compared with low-index (unexposed) municipalities were found for all-cause mortality (both sexes), for all cancers (both sexes), and stomach and lung cancer (in men)
Fazzo et al. [22]	About 4 million residents in 196 municipalities of Caserta and Naples (1994–2001)	Cancer incidence and congenital malformations	Clusters of significant increases of cancer incidence were detected for liver, lung, bladder, stomach and kidney cancer. Malformations: total, cardiovascular, urogenital and limb
Fazzo et al. [23]	About 5 million residents in 35 municipalities of Naples Province (1997–2005)	Cancer incidence and congenital malformations	Clusters of increased cancer incidence during the years 1997–2005 were detected in the total population for liver and lung cancer, leukemia and soft tissue sarcomas
Comba et al. [24]	Residents in 55 municipalities of the “Land of Fires” (2007–2010)	Cancer incidence and mortality causes	Excesses of incidence, hospitalization and mortality rates were reported in the Province of Naples for stomach, liver, lung, bladder, pancreatic, laryngeal, kidney, breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Pirastu et al. [7]	Residents in 55 municipalities of the “Land of Fires” (2007–2010)	Cancer incidence and mortality causes	In the Caserta province, excesses of mortality and hospitalization rates were reported for stomach, liver, lung, bladder, laryngeal cancer and leukemia.
Barba et al. (review) [9]	Residents in polluted areas of the Campania region	Cancer mortality and congenital malformations	Significant increase in cancer mortality and malformation occurrence in specific areas of the Campania region, where improper waste management and illegal waste trafficking have been repeatedly documented, was reported

M = male; F = female. SDR: standardized death rate; * Per 100,000 population.