Table 1.
Summary statistics for groundwater in the Ghaen Plain.
| Parameters | Unit | Mean | Median | SD * | Minimum | Maximum | Preservation | Holding Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | Standard | 7.49 | 7.5 | 0.32 | 7.09 | 8.11 | - | ISM † |
| EC | µs cm−1 | 3416 | 3108 | 2040 | 627 | 7340 | - | ISM † |
| TDS | mg L−1 | 2183 | 1981 | 1304 | 400 | 4690 | - | ISM † |
| TH (as CaCO3) | mg L−1 | 688 | 553 | 398 | 201 | 1532 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| Alk (as CaCO3) | mg L−1 | 274 | 281 | 104 | 124 | 480 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| Ca2+ | mg L−1 | 112.4 | 96.3 | 66.6 | 35.5 | 292.0 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| Mg2+ | mg L−1 | 99.5 | 79.1 | 66.1 | 24.0 | 210.0 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| Na+ | mg L−1 | 450.6 | 384.4 | 302.7 | 45.0 | 1012.0 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| K+ | mg L−1 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 7.9 | 1.3 | 29.3 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| Si4+ | mg L−1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 3.9 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| HCO3− | mg L−1 | 335.0 | 336.8 | 126.7 | 152.5 | 585.1 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| SO42− | mg L−1 | 498.5 | 471.8 | 367.1 | 45.3 | 1345.0 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| Cl− | mg L−1 | 607.5 | 528.6 | 445.1 | 95.9 | 1581.0 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| PO43− | mg L−1 | 0.13 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.22 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| NO3− | mg L−1 | 16.88 | 15.7 | 5.61 | 7.11 | 28.9 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by H2SO4 | 72 h |
| NO2− | mg L−1 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.039 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| NH3 | mg L−1 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.013 | 0.055 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| F− | mg L−1 | 1.28 | 1.3 | 0.27 | 0.69 | 1.66 | None required | 96 h |
| B | mg L−1 | 2.07 | 1.7 | 1.05 | 0.56 | 4.34 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h |
| TP | mg L−1 | 0.17 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.087 | 0.26 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by H2SO4 | 72 h |
| TN | mg L−1 | 1.01 | 0.9 | 0.35 | 0.55 | 1.66 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by HNO3 | 72 h |
| Fe | µg L−1 | 102.5 | 89.0 | 40.2 | 41.8 | 187.6 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by HNO3 | 96 h |
| Zn | µg L−1 | 27.89 | 24.1 | 10.43 | 15.9 | 55.1 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by HNO3 | 96 h |
| Mn | µg L−1 | 19.54 | 20.1 | 6.90 | 9.12 | 33.9 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by HNO3 | 96 h |
| Cr | µg L−1 | 2.24 | 2.2 | 0.68 | 1.23 | 3.67 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ | 24 h ‡ |
| Cu | µg L−1 | 23.97 | 21.3 | 11.19 | 11.5 | 49.3 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by HNO3 | 96 h |
| Pb | µg L−1 | 5.54 | 5.5 | 2.57 | 2.09 | 10.4 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by HNO3 | 96 h |
| Cd | µg L−1 | 1.09 | 1.1 | 0.24 | 0.67 | 1.55 | Cool, 4 °C ‡ and pH below 2 by HNO3 | 96 h |
* Standard Deviation (SD); † In situ measurement (ISM); ‡ In a cooler with temperature of ~4 °C.