Table 1.
Tolerance mechanisms in plants native from distinct areas of the globe in response to heat or cold stress conditions.
| Species | Family | Native location268 | Stress | Thermal treatment/conditions | Tolerance mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabis paniculata Franch. | Brassicaceae | Temperate/alpine – Tibet, China, Nepal and West Himalaya | Heat | Growth chamber: 35°C. Duration: 0–22 d. | Increased lipid saturation, HSP101 and HSP70 expression, and soluble sugar content. | Tang et al. (2016)68 |
| Dichanthelium lanuginosum var. sericeum (Schmoll) Spellenb. | Poaceae | Temperate/geothermally heated soil – North America | Heat | Growth chamber: 45/35°C (day/night) and 25/20°C (control). Duration: 4–8 w. | Increased number and thickness of leaf trichomes. Roughened cuticular waxes in leaves. Reduced leaf thickness. Higher content of silica in leaves. | Banowetz et al. (2008)269 |
| Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) | Brassicaceae | Temperate – France, Great Britain, Spain | Heat | Growth chamber: exposure to 40, 50 or 60°C during 20 min every 24 h. Control – constant exposure to 25°C. Duration: 5 d. | Increased isothiocyanate and glucosinolates (secondary metabolites), ROS scavenging capacity, ascorbic acid, total phenolics content and antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, GPX, CAT, POD) | Yang et al. (2016)110 |
| Rhazya stricta Decne. | Apocynaceae | Arid – South and Southwestern Asia. | Heat | Diurnal analysis at the native habitat: max. leaf temperature of 43°C at 2 PM. | Maintenance of net photosynthesis, carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, and leaf water content. Stomatal closure and reduced transpiration at mid-day. Increased photoprotective mechanisms (NPQ and photorespiration). | Lawson et al. (2014)270 |
| Native habitat: leaf temperature of 40–42.4°C between 1–2:30 PM. | Increased gene expression of HSPs, chaperones and aquaporins | Obaid et al. (2016)271 | ||||
| Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl. | Fabaceae | Arid and semi-arid – East Africa | Heat | Growth chamber: 32/23°C (day/night), 37/27°C, 42/31°C or 27/19°C (control). Duration: 7, 14 or 15 d. | Maintenance of net photosynthesis. Increased emission rate of isoprenoids and total phenolics content in leaves. | Egigu et al. (2014)103 |
| Eupatorium odoratum L. | Asteraceae | Tropical – Central and South America | Heat | Growth chamber: 25 (control), 30, 35, 38 and 42°C. Duration: 24 h in each temperature, subsequently. | Gradual increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, APX, GR, MDAR and DHAR). | Lu et al. (2008)272 |
| Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) | Poaceae | Tropical – New Guinea | Heat | Growth chamber: 40/35°C (day/night) and 28/23°C (control). Duration: 72 h. | Gradual accumulation of free proline, glycinebetaine and soluble sugars. Recovery of leaf water content and osmotic potential to pre-stress values after 24 h. | Wahid and Close (2007)117 |
| Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Banchurisou) | Brassicaceae | Temperate – France, Great Britain, Spain | Cold | Growth chamber: 5°C. Duration: 10 d. | Increased SS and SPS activity and soluble sugars content. | Sasaki et al. (2001)187 |
| Growth chamber: after 3, 7 and 10 days at 5°C, leaf discs were transferred to – 4 or -6°C for 1 h. | Increased soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and starch content. | Sasaki et al. (1996)273 | ||||
| Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Yulu) | Polyganeace | Temperate – China North-Central | Cold | Stored at 0 and 5°C. Duration: 28 d. | Maintenance of cell membrane stability, increased soluble sugars content (sucrose) and SPS transcripts. | Wang et al. (2013)274 |
| Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker) |
Solanaceae | Temperate/Subtropical/Tropical – North, South and Central America | Cold | Phytotron: 4°C. Duration: 24 h. | Increased NR activity, NR relative expression, NO, ABA and polyamines content. | Diao et al. (2017)275 |
| Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) | Cucurbitaceae | Subtropical/Tropical – Assam, Bangladesh, China, East Himalaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, West Himalaya | Cold | Growth chamber: 4°C. Duration: 48 h. | Increased antioxidant enzymes activities (POD, APX GR and SOD), soluble sugar, protein and chlorophyll content. | Liu et al. (2011)276 |
| Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg.s Muell. Arg. | Euphorbiaceae | Tropical – Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela | Cold | Growth chamber: 10 and 28°C (control). Duration: 4, 24, 96 or 192 h. | Increased antioxidant enzymes activities (APX, DHAR, GR and SOD) along with the induction of antioxidant gene expression. | Mai et al. (2009)157 |
| Vriesea inflata (Wawra) Wawra | Bromeliaceae | Tropical – Southeast and South Brazil | Cold | Growth chamber: 15 and 28°C (control). Duration: 24 m. | Increased cell number of aquiferous parenchyma and maintenance of chlorophyll content. | Pedroso et al. (2010)240 |
| Nidularium minutum Mez | Bromeliaceae | Tropical – Southeast Brazil | Cold | Growth chamber: 10, 15 and 25°C (control). Duration: 3 or 6 m. | Increased thickness of aquiferous parenchyma, reducing sugars and pectin content. | Carvalho et al. (2013)237 |
Abbreviations: ABA – abscisic acid, APX – ascorbate peroxidase, CAT – catalase, DHAR – dehydroascorbate reductase, d – days, GPX – glutathione peroxidase, GR – glutathione reductase, h – hours, HSP – heat shock protein, m – months, MDAR – monodehydroascorbate reductase, NO – nitric oxide, NPQ – non-photochemical quenching, NR – nitrate reductase, POD – guaiacol peroxidase, ROS – reactive oxygen species, SOD – superoxide dismutase, SPS – sucrose phosphate synthase, SS – sucrose synthase, w – weeks.