Table 1. Architectural principles for metabolic control in immune cells.

From an immunological and metabolic perspective, the activation of innate and adaptive immune can be broadly divided into 4 principle components, including the inducers (signals that activate immune cells), the sensors (proteins that detect inducers), the mediators (proteins and metabolites that transduce the signals downstream of the sensors), and the effectors (the metabolic effector responses that support the functional state of immune cells). In a combinatorial manner, individual immune cell differentially utilize these components to achieve their desired functional outcome.

Cell	Inducers	Sensors	Mediators	Effectors	Outcome
Neutrophil	PAMPs, Chemokines	PRRs (TLRs)	HIF-1α	Glycolysis, Glutaminolysis	ROS
Mast cell	PAMPs, IgE cross-linking, Cytokines, Growth factors	PRRs, FcεRI	unknown	Glycolysis	Degranulation, Cytokine production
Resting dendritic cell	Growth factors (GM-CSF, FLT3)	Growth factor receptors	unknown	FAO	Growth, Survival Activation, Ag
Activated dendritic cell	PAMPs	PRRs (TLRs)	PI3K/Akt HIF-1α	Glycolysis	Presentation, Cytokine production
Classically activated macrophage (CAM)	PAMPs	PRRs (TLRs, NODs)	HIF-1α	Glycolysis, Glutaminolysis	ROS, Cytokine production
Alternatively activated macrophage (AAM)	IL-4, IL-13, Parasites	IL-4Rα, IL-13Rα	STAT6 PPARs PGC1β	FAO	Differentiation
Naive CD4 + T cell	IL-7, Ag	IL-7R, TCR	PI3K/Akt	Mitochondrial OXPHOS, FAO	Survival
Activated CD4 + T cell	Ag, CD3/CD28	TCR	PI3K/Akt/mTOR ERK/MAPK c-Myc HIF-1α	Glycolysis, Glutaminolysis, Mitochondrial OXPHOS	Activation, Proliferation, Cytokine production
Memory CD8 + T cell	IL-15	IL-15R, TRAF6	AMPK	FAO	Survival, Quiescence
B cell	Ag, PAMPs	BCR, PRRs (TLRs)	PI3K/Akt	Glycolysis	Activation, Proliferation