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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2017 Dec 20;111:14–22. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.010

Table 2.

Associations of the 2003 Annual Average Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentrations and Residential Proximity to Major Roadways With Adipokines and Biomarkers of Glucose Homeostasis Among Participants From the Framingham Offspring Cohort Examination 7 (1998–2001), Examination 8 (2005–2008), Third Generation Cohort Examination 1 (2002–2005), or Examination 2 (2008–2011) a.

Fasting Plasma
Glucose		 HBA1c Adiponectin Resistin
%
Difference		 95%
CI		 %
Difference		 95%
CI		 %
Difference		 95% CI %
Difference		 95%
CI
2003 annual PM2.5b −0.08 −0.28, 0.12 −0.05 −0.22, 0.12 −0.30 −1.98, 1.41 −2.15 −4.19, − 0.07
Living closer to major roadwaysc,d 0.28 0.05, 0.51 0.03 −0.17, 0.22 −0.73 −2.68, 1.26 2.20 −0.09, 4.54
Distance categoriesc
<50 0.72 0.19, 1.26 0.05 −0.40, 0.50 −1.15 −5.60, 3.51 3.83 −1.28, 9.21
50-<100 0.22 −0.44, 0.89 0.19 −0.39, 0.77 2.10 −3.66, 8.21 −1.30 −7.72, 5.58
100-<200 −0.03 −0.58, 0.53 0.36 −0.13, 0.85 −0.44 −5.16, 4.52 4.69 −0.85, 10.54
200-<400 0.24 −0.27, 0.76 0.06 −0.38, 0.50 0.24 −4.12, 4.81 0.09 −4.68, 5.09
400-<1,000 0 (REF) 0 (REF) 0 (REF) 0 (REF)
Insulin HOMA-IR Leptin
% Difference 95% CI % Difference 95% CI % Difference 95% CI
2003 annual PM2.5b −0.73 −1.90, 0.44 −0.81 −2.05, 0.45 0.19 −1.94, 2.38
Living closer to major roadwaysc,d 0.60 −0.76, 1.99 0.85 −0.62, 2.33 1.46 −1.12, 4.12
Distance categoriesc
<50 m 1.13 −2.05, 4.42 1.59 −1.82, 5.13 2.22 −3.86, 8.67
50-<100 m −3.02 −6.83, 0.95 −3.04 −7.11, 1.20 −1.67 −8.76, 5.96
100-<200 m −1.85 −5.13, 1.55 −1.92 −5.43, 1.72 −4.82 −10.72, 1.48
200-<400 m −0.62 −3.67, 2.54 −0.61 −3.87, 2.77 −4.22 9.74,1.63
400-<1,000 m 0 (REF) 0 (REF) 0 (REF)

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval; PM2.5, fine particulate matter; HBA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

a

Models were adjusted for centered age, (centered age)2, sex, body mass index, smoking status, pack years, alcohol intake, educational attainment, physical activity, census tract median household income, census tract median value of owner occupied housing units, census tract population density, usual occupation, date of examination visit, and sine and cosine season. An exam identifier was added for fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, HBA1c, and adiponectin.

b

Results were scaled to equivalent to 1.5 µg/m3 higher in PM2.5 concentrations.

c

Analysis was restricted to participants who lived within 1,000 m from major roadways.

d

Results were scaled to comparing participants who lived 64 m (25th percentile) from major roadways to those who lived 413 m (75th percentile) away.