Table 1.
Characteristics [n (%) or median (P25-P75)] of Project Viva study participants included in present analyses.
| All children (n = 682) |
Boys (n = 356) |
Girls (n = 326) |
p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal/family characteristics | ||||
| Age at enrollment (years) | ||||
| <20 | 27 (4.0) | 14 (3.9) | 13 (4.0) | 0.99 |
| 20-<35 | 434 (63.6) | 226 (63.5) | 208 (63.8) | |
| ≥35 | 221 (32.4) | 116 (32.6) | 105 (32.2) | |
| Married/cohabitatingb | ||||
| No | 73 (10.7) | 35 (9.8) | 38 (11.7) | 0.44 |
| Yes | 609 (89.3) | 321 (90.2) | 288 (88.3) | |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 287 (42.1) | 152 (42.7) | 135 (41.4) | 0.85 |
| 1 | 254 (37.2) | 129 (36.2) | 125 (38.3) | |
| ≥2 | 141 (20.7) | 75 (21.1) | 66 (20.3) | |
| Educationb | ||||
| <College graduate | 242 (35.5) | 133 (37.4) | 109 (33.4) | 0.56 |
| College graduate | 245 (35.9) | 124 (34.8) | 121 (37.1) | |
| Graduate school | 195 (28.6) | 99 (27.8) | 96 (29.5) | |
| Annual household income (USD $)a | ||||
| <40,000 | 120 (17.6) | 58 (16.3) | 62 (19.0) | 0.64 |
| 40,000–70,000 | 141 (20.7) | 74 (20.8) | 67 (20.6) | |
| >70,000 | 421 (61.7) | 224 (62.9) | 197 (60.4) | |
| Smoking statusb | ||||
| Never smoked | 473 (69.4) | 241 (67.7) | 232 (71.2) | 0.62 |
| Former smoker | 133 (19.5) | 73 (20.5) | 60 (18.4) | |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 76 (11.1) | 42 (11.8) | 34 (10.4) | |
| Gestational age at prenatal PFAS measurements (weeks)c | 9.6 (8.6–10.7) | 9.6 (8.7–10.7) | 9.7 (8.4–10.7) | 0.75 |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Race/ethnicityb | ||||
| Black | 159 (23.3) | 84 (23.6) | 75 (23.0) | 0.93 |
| White | 403 (59.1) | 208 (58.4) | 195 (59.8) | |
| Other | 120 (17.6) | 64 (18.0) | 56 (17.2) | |
| BMI in mid-childhood (kg/m2) | 16.6 (15.4–18.4) | 16.4 (15.4–17.9) | 16.7 (15.3–18.8) | 0.08 |
| Age at mid-childhood PFAS and lipids/ALT measurements (years) | 7.7 (7.4–8.4) | 7.7 (7.4–8.5) | 7.7 (7.3–8.2) | 0.16 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.
a
p-values are for chi-square or Kruskal-Wallis tests across the different categories of each characteristic.
b
Missing data before simple random imputation: 5 (0.7%) for marital status, 4 (0.6%) for maternal education, 67 (9.8%) for annual household income, 1 (0.2%) for smoking status, and 65 (9.5%) for child race/ethnicity.
c
Only available for 561 mother-child pairs (299 boys and 262 girls) with prenatal PFAS concentrations.