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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2017 Nov 20;111:1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.008

Table 3.

Adjusted linear regression coefficients for associations of prenatal PFAS concentrations with lipid and ALT levels in mid-childhood among all children and stratified by child sex.

All childrena
Boysb
Girlsc
β (95% CI) β (95% CI) β (95% CI) pint
Lipids
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
 PFOS 0.8 (−1.6, 3.3) 1.4 (−1.9, 4.8) −0.4 (−3.5, 2.7) 0.24
 PFOA 0.5 (−2.3, 3.4) 1.4 (−2.8, 5.7) 0.0 (−3.8, 3.9) 0.63
 PFNA 0.2 (−2.4, 2.8) 2.0 (−2.3, 6.2) −1.4 (−4.8, 1.9) 0.23
 PFHxS 0.5 (−1.1, 2.2) 0.6 (−2.4, 3.6) 0.4 (−1.3, 2.2) 0.99
 EtFOSAA 0.1 (−1.2, 1.4) 0.0 (−1.9, 1.9) 0.0 (−1.6, 1.6) 0.68
 MeFOSAA −0.1 (−2.1, 2.0) 0.3 (−2.1, 2.8) −0.1 (−3.2, 2.9) 0.46
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
 PFOS 0.5 (−1.5, 2.6) 0.6 (−2.2, 3.5) −0.1 (−2.8, 2.5) 0.38
 PFOA 0.7 (−1.8, 3.1) 2.2 (−1.5, 5.8) −0.7 (−4.0, 2.6) 0.18
 PFNA 0.5 (−1.8, 2.8) 2.3 (−1.3, 6.0) −1.2 (−4.0, 1.7) 0.12
 PFHxS 0.5 (−0.9, 1.9) 0.4 (−2.3, 3.2) 0.5 (−0.9, 1.8) 0.98
 EtFOSAA 0.5 (−0.5, 1.6) 0.2 (−1.2, 1.7) 0.7 (−0.7, 2.1) 0.86
 MeFOSAA 0.1 (−1.8, 2.0) 0.6 (−1.7, 2.9) −0.3 (−3.0, 2.4) 0.38
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
 PFOS 0.6 (−0.5, 1.7) 0.6 (−0.8, 2.0) 0.6 (−0.9, 2.1) 0.93
 PFOA −0.2 (−1.6, 1.2) −1.2 (−3.1, 0.6) 1.2 (−0.8, 3.2) 0.03
 PFNA 0.2 (−1.2, 1.6) −0.1 (−2.0, 1.8) 0.3 (−1.7, 2.3) 0.41
 PFHxS 0.1 (−0.5, 0.7) 0.0 (−1.0, 1.0) 0.2 (−0.5, 0.8) 0.48
 EtFOSAA −0.2 (−0.9, 0.5) −0.2 (−1.0, 0.7) −0.4 (−1.6, 0.9) 0.89
 MeFOSAA −0.2 (−1.0, 0.6) −0.4 (−1.2, 0.5) 0.4 (−1.2, 2.0) 0.65
Total/HDL-C × 100
 PFOS −3.4 (−9.1, 2.4) −0.8 (−8.8, 7.3) −7.7 (−16.0, 0.6) 0.08
 PFOA −1.0 (−8.7, 6.8) 6.9 (−3.6, 17.5) −10.4 (−21.1, 0.2) 0.01
 PFNA −1.8 (−8.9, 5.3) 5.2 (−4.8, 15.3) −7.8 (−17.4, 1.7) 0.02
 PFHxS −0.1 (−3.4, 3.1) 1.3 (−5.2, 7.8) −1.0 (−4.6, 2.7) 0.37
 EtFOSAA 0.1 (−3.1, 3.3) 0.1 (−4.0, 4.2) −0.0 (−4.9, 4.9) 0.59
 MeFOSAA −0.6 (−6.1, 5.0) 1.6 (−4.2, 7.4) −4.8 (−14.5, 4.9) 0.22
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
 PFOS −1.4 (−4.6, 1.8) 1.0 (−2.2, 4.2) −4.2 (−9.2, 0.8) 0.04
 PFOA 0.2 (−3.3, 3.8) 2.5 (−2.0, 6.9) −2.4 (−8.1, 3.3) 0.13
 PFNA −2.5 (−5.8, 0.8) −1.5 (−4.9, 1.9) −2.9 (−8.1, 2.4) 0.35
 PFHxS −0.6 (−2.0, 0.8) 0.6 (−1.9, 3.1) −1.1 (−3.1, 1.0) 0.22
 EtFOSAA −1.0 (−2.4, 0.4) −0.3 (−2.1, 1.5) −1.6 (−3.3, 0.1) 0.43
 MeFOSAA −0.1 (−2.1, 2.0) 0.5 (−1.2, 2.1) −1.3 (−7.7, 5.0) 0.55
Liver enzymes
ALT (U/L)
 PFOS −0.4 (−1.1, 0.2) −0.2 (−1.2, 0.8) −0.7 (−1.4, 0.1) 0.71
 PFOA −0.5 (−1.3, 0.2) −0.5 (−1.6, 0.6) −0.7 (−1.7, 0.4) 0.96
 PFNA −0.1 (−0.9, 0.6) 0.3 (−1.0, 1.6) −0.6 (−1.4, 0.2) 0.32
 PFHxS −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) −0.0 (−0.6, 0.6) −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) 0.75
 EtFOSAA −0.1 (−0.5, 0.2) 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) −0.4 (−0.8, 0.0) 0.35
 MeFOSAA −0.2 (−1.1, 0.7) 0.2 (−0.7, 1.1) −1.2 (−1.9, −0.5) 0.05

Abbreviations: PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; IQR, interquartile range; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; EtFOSAA, 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; MeFOSAA, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate.

Estimates are presented as change (95% confidence intervals) in outcome for each interquartile range increment in exposure. Models were adjusted for maternal education, prenatal smoking, gestational age at blood draw, and child’s sex, race/ethnicity, and age at lipids/ALT measurements.

a

Children with lipid and ALT measurements = 512 and 508, respectively.

b

Boys with lipid and ALT measurements = 272 and 273, respectively.

c

Girls with lipid and ALT measurements = 240 and 235, respectively.

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