Table 3.
Adjusted linear regression coefficients for associations of prenatal PFAS concentrations with lipid and ALT levels in mid-childhood among all children and stratified by child sex.
All childrena
|
Boysb
|
Girlsc
|
||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | pint | |
Lipids | ||||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||
PFOS | 0.8 (−1.6, 3.3) | 1.4 (−1.9, 4.8) | −0.4 (−3.5, 2.7) | 0.24 |
PFOA | 0.5 (−2.3, 3.4) | 1.4 (−2.8, 5.7) | 0.0 (−3.8, 3.9) | 0.63 |
PFNA | 0.2 (−2.4, 2.8) | 2.0 (−2.3, 6.2) | −1.4 (−4.8, 1.9) | 0.23 |
PFHxS | 0.5 (−1.1, 2.2) | 0.6 (−2.4, 3.6) | 0.4 (−1.3, 2.2) | 0.99 |
EtFOSAA | 0.1 (−1.2, 1.4) | 0.0 (−1.9, 1.9) | 0.0 (−1.6, 1.6) | 0.68 |
MeFOSAA | −0.1 (−2.1, 2.0) | 0.3 (−2.1, 2.8) | −0.1 (−3.2, 2.9) | 0.46 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||
PFOS | 0.5 (−1.5, 2.6) | 0.6 (−2.2, 3.5) | −0.1 (−2.8, 2.5) | 0.38 |
PFOA | 0.7 (−1.8, 3.1) | 2.2 (−1.5, 5.8) | −0.7 (−4.0, 2.6) | 0.18 |
PFNA | 0.5 (−1.8, 2.8) | 2.3 (−1.3, 6.0) | −1.2 (−4.0, 1.7) | 0.12 |
PFHxS | 0.5 (−0.9, 1.9) | 0.4 (−2.3, 3.2) | 0.5 (−0.9, 1.8) | 0.98 |
EtFOSAA | 0.5 (−0.5, 1.6) | 0.2 (−1.2, 1.7) | 0.7 (−0.7, 2.1) | 0.86 |
MeFOSAA | 0.1 (−1.8, 2.0) | 0.6 (−1.7, 2.9) | −0.3 (−3.0, 2.4) | 0.38 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||
PFOS | 0.6 (−0.5, 1.7) | 0.6 (−0.8, 2.0) | 0.6 (−0.9, 2.1) | 0.93 |
PFOA | −0.2 (−1.6, 1.2) | −1.2 (−3.1, 0.6) | 1.2 (−0.8, 3.2) | 0.03 |
PFNA | 0.2 (−1.2, 1.6) | −0.1 (−2.0, 1.8) | 0.3 (−1.7, 2.3) | 0.41 |
PFHxS | 0.1 (−0.5, 0.7) | 0.0 (−1.0, 1.0) | 0.2 (−0.5, 0.8) | 0.48 |
EtFOSAA | −0.2 (−0.9, 0.5) | −0.2 (−1.0, 0.7) | −0.4 (−1.6, 0.9) | 0.89 |
MeFOSAA | −0.2 (−1.0, 0.6) | −0.4 (−1.2, 0.5) | 0.4 (−1.2, 2.0) | 0.65 |
Total/HDL-C × 100 | ||||
PFOS | −3.4 (−9.1, 2.4) | −0.8 (−8.8, 7.3) | −7.7 (−16.0, 0.6) | 0.08 |
PFOA | −1.0 (−8.7, 6.8) | 6.9 (−3.6, 17.5) | −10.4 (−21.1, 0.2) | 0.01 |
PFNA | −1.8 (−8.9, 5.3) | 5.2 (−4.8, 15.3) | −7.8 (−17.4, 1.7) | 0.02 |
PFHxS | −0.1 (−3.4, 3.1) | 1.3 (−5.2, 7.8) | −1.0 (−4.6, 2.7) | 0.37 |
EtFOSAA | 0.1 (−3.1, 3.3) | 0.1 (−4.0, 4.2) | −0.0 (−4.9, 4.9) | 0.59 |
MeFOSAA | −0.6 (−6.1, 5.0) | 1.6 (−4.2, 7.4) | −4.8 (−14.5, 4.9) | 0.22 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | ||||
PFOS | −1.4 (−4.6, 1.8) | 1.0 (−2.2, 4.2) | −4.2 (−9.2, 0.8) | 0.04 |
PFOA | 0.2 (−3.3, 3.8) | 2.5 (−2.0, 6.9) | −2.4 (−8.1, 3.3) | 0.13 |
PFNA | −2.5 (−5.8, 0.8) | −1.5 (−4.9, 1.9) | −2.9 (−8.1, 2.4) | 0.35 |
PFHxS | −0.6 (−2.0, 0.8) | 0.6 (−1.9, 3.1) | −1.1 (−3.1, 1.0) | 0.22 |
EtFOSAA | −1.0 (−2.4, 0.4) | −0.3 (−2.1, 1.5) | −1.6 (−3.3, 0.1) | 0.43 |
MeFOSAA | −0.1 (−2.1, 2.0) | 0.5 (−1.2, 2.1) | −1.3 (−7.7, 5.0) | 0.55 |
Liver enzymes | ||||
ALT (U/L) | ||||
PFOS | −0.4 (−1.1, 0.2) | −0.2 (−1.2, 0.8) | −0.7 (−1.4, 0.1) | 0.71 |
PFOA | −0.5 (−1.3, 0.2) | −0.5 (−1.6, 0.6) | −0.7 (−1.7, 0.4) | 0.96 |
PFNA | −0.1 (−0.9, 0.6) | 0.3 (−1.0, 1.6) | −0.6 (−1.4, 0.2) | 0.32 |
PFHxS | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | −0.0 (−0.6, 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | 0.75 |
EtFOSAA | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) | −0.4 (−0.8, 0.0) | 0.35 |
MeFOSAA | −0.2 (−1.1, 0.7) | 0.2 (−0.7, 1.1) | −1.2 (−1.9, −0.5) | 0.05 |
Abbreviations: PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; IQR, interquartile range; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; EtFOSAA, 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate; MeFOSAA, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate.
Estimates are presented as change (95% confidence intervals) in outcome for each interquartile range increment in exposure. Models were adjusted for maternal education, prenatal smoking, gestational age at blood draw, and child’s sex, race/ethnicity, and age at lipids/ALT measurements.
Children with lipid and ALT measurements = 512 and 508, respectively.
Boys with lipid and ALT measurements = 272 and 273, respectively.
Girls with lipid and ALT measurements = 240 and 235, respectively.