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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Bone. 2017 Apr 25;109:43–48. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.04.014

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Intergrated working model. We propose that BMP signaling cascade through Smad and Mapk pathways is the major regulator of the pathological osteogenic process. Nevertheless, cross-talking at different levels between BMP, other conserved signal pathways could lead to synegetic effects, competitive inhibition, and/or feedback regulations. Together, they form an overwhelmingly complicate network.