Table 1.

Limitations of injectable insulin and role of adjunctive non-insulin antidiabetic therapies in type 1 diabetes

Limitations of injectable insulin therapy	Potential role of adjunctive non-insulin antidiabetics
Pharmacodynamic profiles of available insulins do not completely mimic physiological needs Risk of iatrogenic hypoglycemia Insulin-induced weight gain Poor patient adherence Unable to address glucagon dysfunction Psychological stress	Improve glycemic control Target glucagon dysregulation Reduce glycemic variability Reduce postprandial glycemic excursions Target insulin resistance Reduce insulin dose requirement Reduce insulin-induced weight gain Lipid management Reduce risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications