Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study subjects
| Diabetic subjects | Nondiabetic subjects | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (male/female) | 162 (89/73) | 42 (20/22) | 0.173 |
| Age (years) | 61.2 ± 11.2 | 53.8 ± 13.0 | 0.0003 |
| Smoking n (%) | 44 (27.2) | 11 (26.2) | 0.534 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 4.0 | 22.6 ± 4.0 | 0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14.6 ± 10.0 | – | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 ± 11 | 122 ± 11 | < 0.010 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81 ± 9 | 81 ± 11 | 0.855 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.2 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 117.6 ± 56.5 | 127.0 ± 66.1 | 0.364 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 63.1 ± 18.8 | 67.6 ± 15.5 | 0.169 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 104.2 ± 27.2 | 124.7 ± 34.9 | 0.0001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 69.7 ± 18.7 | 76.5 ± 15.7 | 0.039 |
| UACR (mg/g Cr) | 44.9 ± 60.4 | 19.9 ± 10.3 | 0.008 |
| Pentosidine (μg/ml) | 0.046 ± 0.019 | 0.038 ± 0.012 | 0.027 |
| Skin AF (AU) | 2.53 ± 0.45 | 2.19 ± 0.34 | < 0.001 |
| Max-IMT (mm) | 1.64 ± 0.73 | 1.10 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Neuropathy (none/present) | 106/56 | – | – |
| Retinopathy (NDR/mild and moderate NPDR/severe NPDR and PDR) | 104/32/26 | – | – |
| Nephropathy (stage 1/2/3) | 90/54/18 | – | – |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD
HbA1c glycated hemoglobin A1c, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, UACR urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, AF autofluorescence, Max-IMT maximum intima–media thickness in the carotid artery, NDR nondiabetic retinopathy, NPDR nonproliferative retinopathy, PDR proliferative retinopathy