Table 4.

Antioxidant function and inflammatory cytokines in T2DM patients at the end of the trial

Parameter	Control (n = 30)	Chinese propolis (n = 25)
FRAP (mmol/L)	0.7 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.3
GSH (g/L)	2.2 ± 1.0	7.4 ± 1.4*
Total flavonoids (mg/L)	51.5 ± 13.1	64.1 ± 15.4*
Total polyphenols (mg/L)	199.9 ± 12.6	212.4 ± 24.2*
SOD (U/mL)	102.8 ± 3.1	104.3 ± 3.4
GSH-Px (U/L)	253.7 ± 74.9	262.2 ± 56.4
LDH (U/L)	1446.7 ± 202.1	1224.9 ± 318.5*
MDA (mmol/L)	3.9 ± 1.2	4.3 ± 0.9
Carbonyls (nmol/mg prot)	0.6 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.1
IL-6 (pg/mL)	3.1 ± 0.9	3.7 ± 1.2*
IL-1β (pg/mL)	18.7 ± 3.5	18.6 ± 3.8
TNF-α (pg/mL)	20.7 ± 3.7	20.6 ± 4.1

* p < 0.05 compared with control