Table 5. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in domestic animals including pets and wild animals using different methods Poland, 1997–2014.
| Animals | n positive | n total | % (95% CI) | Cryptosporidium spp. | Giardia spp./G. intestinalis assemblage | Method (and sequenced molecular markers) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic | |||||||
| Cattle | 10 | 86 | 11.63 (6.06–19.75) | NE | G. intestinalis/A, E | PCR (β-giardin) | [145,146] |
| 16 | 86 | 18.60 (11.42–27.87) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| 119 | 700 | 17.00 (14.35–19.92) | C. bovis, C. parvum, C. andersoni, C. ryanae | NE | PCR (SSU rRNA, COWP) | [147] | |
| Pigs | 8 | 84 | 9.52 (4.52–17.28) | NE | G. intestinalis / B, E | PCR (β-giardin) | [145,146] |
| 25 | 84 | 29.76 (20.73–40.17) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| 46 | 166 | 27.71 (21.31–34.89) | C. scrofarum, C. suis, C. parvum | NE | PCR (SSU rRNA, COWP) | [148] | |
| Horses | 1 | 10 | 10 (0.50–40.35) | NE | G. intestinalis / E | PCR (β-giardin) | [145,146] |
| 1 | 10 | 10 (0.50–40.35) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| 20 | 564 | 3.55 (2.24–5.33) | C. parvum | NE | EIA, IFT, FISH | [149] | |
| Sheep | 18 | 81 | 22.22 (14.17–32.23 | NE | G. intestinalis / A, E | PCR (β-giardin) | [145,146] |
| 17 | 81 | 20.99 (13.16–30.86) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| 16 | 159 | 10.06 (6.07–15.50) | C. parvum | NE | Microscopya | [150] | |
| Goats | 0 | 46 | 0.00 (0.00–6.31) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya | |
| Cats | 4 | 160 | 2.50 (0.80–5.92) | NE | G. intestinalis/A, B | PCR (GDH) | [151] |
| Dogs | 3 | 60 | 5.00 (1.29–13.00) | NE | G. intestinalis/A, E | PCR (β-giardin) | [145,146] |
| 7 | 60 | 11.67 (5.25–21.72) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| 32 | 350 | 9.14 (6.45–12.51) | NE | G. intestinalis/A, C, D | PCR (GDH) | [152] | |
| 18 | 350 | 5.14 (3.28-7.28) | NE | G. intestinalis | Microscopya | ||
| 2 | 148 | 1.35 (0.23–4.39) | NE | G. intestinalis/C, D | PCR (β-giardin) | [153] | |
| 8 | 64 | 12.5 (5.98–22.36) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | IFT | [154] | |
| 23 | 64 | 35.94 (24.92–48.20) | NE | Giardia spp. | |||
| Domestic birds | 1 | 101 | 0.99 (0.50–4.79) | NE | G. intestinalis | Microscopya, FISH | [155] |
| 0 | 101 | 0.00 (0.00–2.92) | C. parvum | NE | Microscopya, EIA, FISH | ||
| Wild | |||||||
| Wild boars | 4 | 27 | 14.81 (4.89–31.97) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | [145,146] |
| 11 | 27 | 40.74 (23.62–59.76) | NE | G. intestinalis / B | PCR (β-giardin) | ||
| 0 | 5 | 0.00 (0.00–45.07) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya, IFT, PCR (COWP) | [156] | |
| 0 | 5 | 0.00 (0.00–45.07) | NE | Giardia spp. | Microscopya, IFA | ||
| Foxes | 0 | 21 | 0.00 (0.00–13.29) | NE | G. intestinalis | PCR (β-giardin) | [145,146] |
| 4 | 21 | 19.05 (6.36–39.80) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| Red deer | 5 | 28 | 17.86 (6.85–35.24) | NE | G. intestinalis/B | PCR (β-giardin) | |
| 0 | 28 | 0.00 (0.00–10.15) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| 14 | 52 | 26.92 (16.22–40.14) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya, IFT, PCR (COWP) | [156] | |
| 1 | 52 | 1.92 (0.10–9.12) | NE | Giardia spp. | Microscopya, IFT | ||
| 1 | 61 | 1.64 (0.08–7.82) | NE | Giardia spp. | Microscopya | [157] | |
| Roe deer | 11 | 48 | 22.92 (12.68–36.33) | NE | G. intestinalis/B | PCR (β-giardin) | [145,146] |
| 2 | 48 | 4.17 (0.70–13.09) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| 2 | 22 | 9.09 (1.55–26.92) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya, IFT, PCR (COWP) | [156] | |
| 1 | 22 | 4.55 (0.23–20.44) | NE | Giardia spp. | Microscopya, IFT | ||
| 2 | 50 | 4.00 (2/50; 0.68–12.59) | NE | Giardia spp. | Microscopya | [157] | |
| Fallow deer | 0 | 65 | 0.00 (0/65; 0.00–4.50) | NE | Giardia spp. | ||
| Moose | 0 | 5 | 0.00 (0/5; 0.00–45.07) | NE | Giardia spp. | ||
| 4 | 23 | 17.39 (4/23; 5.78–36.80) | NE | G. intestinalis | PCR (β-giardin) | [145,146] | |
| 0 | 23 | 0.00 (0/23; 0.00–12.21) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| Wolves | 2 | 7 | 28.57 (5.10–66.98) | NE | G. intestinalis/D | PCR (β-giardin) | |
| 2 | 7 | 28.57 (5.10–66.98) | NE | Giardia spp. | IFT | ||
| 5 | 14 | 35.71 (14.44–62.40) | C. parvum, genotype 2 | NE | Microscopya, IFT, PCR (COWP) | [156] | |
| Rodents | 10b | 266 | NA | NE | G. microti, G. muris | PCR (SSU rRNA) | [158] |
| 8b | 266 | C. parvum, C. ubiquitum | NE | ||||
| 41 | 114 | 35.9 (27.74–45.54) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | IFT | [159] | |
| 0 | 114 | 0.00 (0.00–4.06) | NE | Giardia spp. | |||
| NA | NA | 28.1–62.3 (NA) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya, IFT | [160] | |
| NA | NA | 24.4–74.2 (NA) | NE | Giardia spp. | |||
| European beaver | 7 | 22 | 31.82 (15.11–53.05) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya, IFT, PCR (COWP) | [156] |
| 1 | 22 | 4.55 (0.23–20.44) | NE | Giardia spp. | Microscopya, IFT | ||
| European bison | 16 | 55 | 29.09 (18.27–42.07) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya, IFT, PCR (COWP) | |
| 4 | 55 | 7.27 (2.35–16.62) | NE | Giardia spp. | Microscopya, IFT | ||
| Polish Konik (horse) | 0 | 10 | 0.00 (0.00–25.89) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya, IFT, PCR (COWP) | |
| 1 | 44 | 2.27 (0.11–10.70) | Cryptosporidium spp. | NE | Microscopya | [161] | |
| Birds captive | 2 | 90 | 2.22% (0.37–7.15) | NE | G. intestinalis | Microscopya, FISH | [155] |
| 1 | 90 | 1.11% (0.06–5.36) | C. parvum | NE | Microscopya, EIA, FISH | ||
COWP: Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein; EIA: enzyme immunoassay; IFT: immunofluorescent test; FISH: fluorescent in situ hybridisation; GDH: glutamate dehydrogenase; NA: not available; NE: not examined; SSU rRNA: small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid.
a Examination of smears of faecal samples or samples after Sheather’s flotation and after modified Ziehl-Neelsen or Lugol’ iodine or iron hematoxylin staining, or Willis-Schlaf or McMaster methods.
b Number of sequenced samples.