Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Patients with schizophrenia (mean ± SD) | Healthy controls (mean ± SD) | Comparison between groups | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (female/male) | 32 (24/8) | 32 (21/11) | χ2 = 0.674, p = 0.412 |
| Age, years | 31.3 ± 9.8 | 31.9 ± 10.9 | t(df = 62) = 0.253, p = 0.801 |
| Handedness | 96.7 ± 13.0 | 97.7 ± 10.8 | t(df = 62) = 0.334, p = 0.739 |
| Education, years | 13.7 ± 2.2 | 14.7 ± 2.2 | t(df = 62) = 1.822, p = 0.073 |
| Estimated premorbid IQ | 98.6 ± 9.4 | 100.3 ± 8.3 | t(df = 62) = 0.744, p = 0.460 |
| Duration of illness, years | 9.7 ± 6.8 | – | – |
| Chlorpromazine-equivalent dose, mg/day | 488.9 ± 315.9 | – | – |
| PANSS | |||
| Positive | 13.8 ± 4.0 | – | – |
| Negative | 18.1 ± 5.3 | – | – |
| General psychopathology | 31.6 ± 9.1 | – | – |
| Number of words generated | 11.9 ± 3.7 | 14.3 ± 3.8 | t(df = 62) = 2.496, p = 0.015 |
| BCIS | |||
| Self-reflectiveness | 11.2 ± 3.7 | – | – |
| Self-certainty | 5.3 ± 3.1 | – | – |
| SF-36 | |||
| Physical functioning | 46.8 ± 13.7 | – | – |
| Role limitations—physical | 38.1 ± 15.6 | – | – |
| Bodily pain | 48.1 ± 12.7 | – | – |
| General health | 40.6 ± 12.8 | – | – |
| Vitality | 41.6 ± 12.9 | – | – |
| Social functioning | 42.9 ± 14.6 | – | – |
| Role limitations—emotional | 36.1 ± 15.2 | – | – |
| Mental health | 40.7 ± 12.6 | – | – |
df, degrees of freedom; IQ, intelligence quotient; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; BCIS, Beck Cognitive Insight Scale; SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey.