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. 2017 Nov 20;191(3):318–327. doi: 10.1111/cei.13074

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Soluble level of interleukin (IL)‐6, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and IL‐17 in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients with parasitic load: sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)‐based assay was performed to measure the soluble levels of IL‐6, TGF‐β and IL‐17 in bone marrow (BM) aspirates of VL patients. Cytokine (IL‐6, TGF‐β and IL‐17) levels were evaluated based on company protocols. (a) Significantly increased level of IL‐6 in BM aspirate of high parasitic load (HPL) [n = 12: mean ± standard deviation (s.d.): 187·9 ± 16·84 pg/ml] patients compared with low parasitic load (LPL) (n = 11: mean ± s.d.: 144·4 ± 12·5 pg/ml) (P = 0·05: unpaired t‐test). Horizontal lines in scatter‐plot depicted as mean value. Similarly, for (b) TGF‐β in BMA of HPL (n = 11) compared with LPL (n = 13) (P = 0·003: Mann–Whitney U‐test) and (c) IL‐17A: significantly decreased soluble level of IL‐17A was observed in patients with HPL (n = 12: mean ± s.d.: 57·9 ± 5·27 pg/ml) compared with LPL (n = 14: mean ± s.d.: 72·21 ± 4·19 pg/ml) (P = 0·04: unpaired t‐test). (d) sIL‐6/TGF‐β: significantly decreased ratio of sIL‐6 versus TGF‐β was observed in HPL patients (n = 11) compared with LPL (n = 11) patients (P = 0·02: Mann–Whitney U‐test, unpaired t‐test).