Table 2.
Study, year |
Population | Men (%) |
Age Range (years) |
Biomarker | Exposed vs. Reference |
Endpoint Ascertain- ment |
Outcome (s) | No. of cases / non-cases |
Relative Risk estimate (95% CI) |
Adjustment Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional studies | ||||||||||
Agarwal et al. 2011[57] | General US population, NHANES 1999–2006 N=5037 | 48.3 | 46.5 (mean) |
|
Per log µg/mg | Self-report |
|
|
|
Age, sex, race, education, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, chronic kidney disease, body mass index, C-reactive protein, smoking status, serum cotinine. Sb levels divided by creatinine. |
Guo et al. 2016 [19••] | General US population, NHANES, 1999–2010 N=1857 | 49.7 | ≥20 |
|
Quartiles 1 (≤0.048) vs 2 to 4 (>0.048–0.075, >0.075–0.121, >0.121 µg/g) | Self-report |
|
|
|
Age, gender, race, smoking, drinking, marital status, education, family poverty-income ratio, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, eGFR, and ln-transformed urinary creatinine. Sb levels also divided by urinary creatinine. |
Navas-Acien et al. 2005 [58] | General US population, NHANES 1999–2000 N=790 | NR | ≥40 |
|
75th (0.17 µg/L) vs. 25th (0.07 µg/L) percentile | Measured ankle-brachial index<0.9 |
|
|
|
Age, sex, race, education, smoking, urinary creatinine |
Mendy et al. 2012 [20] | General US population, NHANES 2007–2008 (N=1857) | 49.6 | 20–80 |
|
Above vs. below the GM (0.06 µg/g) | Self-report |
|
|
|
Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, ratio family income to poverty, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, urinary barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, thallium, tungsten, and uranium. Sb levels divided by urinary creatinine |
Prospective studies | ||||||||||
Guo et al. 2016 [19••] | General US population, NHANES, 1999–2010N=1857 | 49.7 | ≥20 |
|
Quartiles 1 (≤0.048) vs 2 to 4 (>0.048–0.075, >0.075–0.121, >0.121 µg/g) | NCHS linkage to National Death Index |
|
|
|
Age, gender, race, smoking, drinking, marital status, education, family poverty-income ratio, BMI, hypertension, eGFR, and ln-transformed urinary creatinine. Sb levels also divided by urinary creatinine. |
BMI= body mass index; NR: not reported; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; NCHS: National Center for Health Statistics. GM: geometric mean.