Table 3.
Study, year |
Population | Men (%) |
Age Range (yrs) |
Biomarker | Exposed vs. Reference |
Endpoint Ascertainment |
Outcome (s) | No. of cases / non-cases |
Relative Risk estimate (95% CI) |
Adjustment Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional study | ||||||||||
Lind et al. 2012[59] | Subjects of Uppsala, (Sweden) PIVUS Study (N=1016) | 49.8 | = 70 |
|
|
Local thickening of the IMT more than 50% thicker than the surrounding IMT, measured by external B-mode ultrasound imaging | Plaque presence prevalence |
|
|
Gender, waist circumference, BMI, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum triglycerides, smoking, antihypertensive treatment and statin use. |
Rajpathak et al. 2004 [64] | The Health Professionals Follow-up Study N=886 | 100 | 40–75 |
|
|
Self-report and medical record review | Prevalent CVD: Myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), or stroke |
|
|
Age, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking status, family history of myocardical infarction, physical activity, high cholesterol, hypertension, dietary score, toenail levels of selenium and mercury. |
Case-control study | ||||||||||
Alissa et al. 2009 [106] | Inpatients of coronary care unit of King Fahd Military Hospital and King Abdulaziz University Hospital (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) N=260 | 100 | ≥43,4 |
|
|
Review of hospital records | Myocardial infarction |
|
|
Height, smoking status, oral hypoglycemic drugs, serum triglycerides. Urinary Cr levels divided by urinary creatinine. |
Guallar et al. 2005[108] | Incident case-control Inpatients of coronary care unit of EURAMIC Study (N=1408) | 100 | ≤70 |
|
|
Review of hospital records | Incident acute coronary heart disease |
|
|
Age, study center, smoking, alcohol drinking, BMI, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes, history of hypertension, family history of coronary heart disease, toenail selenium adipose tissue levels of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and lycopene, and major fatty acid peaks. |
Niskanen et al. 1986 [107]a | Finland Social Insurance Survey participants from Jamsankoski and Jamsa,1966–1972 N=96 | 92 | Mean=49.7 |
|
|
Review of hospital records | Coronary heart disease mortality |
|
|
Matching by age, sex, place of residence, and smoking status |
Prospective study | ||||||||||
Rajpathak et al. 2004 [64] | Nested case-control (incidence density sampling) from The Health Professionals Follow-up Study (N=563) | 100 | 40–75 |
|
|
Self-report and medical record review | Incident CVD: Myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), or stroke |
|
|
Age, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking status, family history of myocardical infarction, physical activity, high cholesterol, hypertension, dietary score, toenail levels of selenium and mercury. Cr levels divided by urinary creatinine. |
BMI: body mass index; IQR: interquartile range; NR: not reported
Only mean Cr levels for cases and controls were originally reported; we derived the IQR, RR, and 95% CI via the linear discrimination method [157].