Table 5.
Study, year |
Population | Men (%) |
Age Range (yrs) |
Biomarker | Exposed vs. Reference |
Endpoint Ascertainment |
Outcome (s) | No. of cases / non-cases |
Relative Risk estimate (95% CI) |
Adjustment Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional studies | ||||||||||
Barium | ||||||||||
Navas-Acien et al. 2005 [58] | General US population NHANES 1999–2000 N=790 | NR | ≥40 |
|
|
Measured ankle-brachial index<0.9 |
|
45/659 |
|
Age, sex, race,education, smoking status, and urinary creatinine |
Nickel | ||||||||||
Lind et al. 2012 [59] | Subjects of Uppsala, (Sweden) PIVUS Study (N=1016) | 49.8 | = 70 |
|
|
Local thickening of the IMT more than 50% thicker than the surrounding IMT, measured by external B-mode ultrasound imaging |
|
NR |
|
P-value adjusted for gender, waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum triglycerides, smoking, antihypertensive treatment and statin use |
Uranium | ||||||||||
Mendy et al. 2012 [20] | General US population NHANES 2007–2008 (N=1857) | 50.4 | ≥ 20 |
|
|
Self-report |
|
|
|
Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, ratio family income to poverty, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, urinary barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, thallium, antimony, and uranium. U levels divided by urinary creatinine |
BMI: body mass index. GM: geometric mean; NR: not reported