. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 7.

Published in final edited form as: Top Stroke Rehabil. 2017 Mar 2;24(6):463–471. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2017.1292720

Table 3.

Risk of bias in observational studies, using Newcastle–Ottawa scale²⁰.

	Selection					Exposure

Study, year	Case definition adequate	Representative cases	Selection of controls	Definition of controls	Comparability	Ascertainment of exposure	Same method for controls	Non-response rate
Durand, 2015	^*	^*	–	^*	^**	–	–	–
Frohlich-Zwahlen, 2014	^*	–	–	^*	^**	–	–	–
Kim, 2012	^*	^*	n/a	n/a	n/a	–	n/a	n/a
Klein, 2010	^*	^*	n/a	n/a	n/a	–	n/a	n/a
Klein, 2013	^*	–	–	^*	–	–	–	–
Knarr, 2013	–	–	n/a	n/a	n/a	–	n/a	n/a
MacIntyre, 2010	–	^*	^*	^*	^**	–	^*	^*
Pang, 2005	–	^*	n/a	n/a	n/a	–	n/a	n/a
Patterson, 2007	–	–	n/a	n/a	n/a	–	n/a	n/a
Prado-Medeiros, 2012	–	^*	–	^*	^**	^*	–	–
Ryan, 2011	^*	^*	n/a	n/a	n/a	–	n/a	n/a
Silva-Couto, 2014	^*	^*	^*	^*	^**	^*	–	^*
Sunnerhagen, 1999	^*	^*	–	^*	^**	–	–	–

Notes: Studies were given “*” if they achieved the description in each item. Under the Comparability item, studies with control groups were given “*” if they controlled on one factor and “**” if they controlled on two factors. Cross-sectional studies without control groups were given “n/a” for items related to controls.