FIG. 1.

Proposed mechanisms of myogenic differentiation under tensile strain. Mechanotransduction is required for the upregulation of myogenic genes following tensile strain. Various mechanisms are highlighted in the text boxes. Direct tethering of the nucleus to the ECM through the cytoskeleton is likely the primary means by which forces upregulate myogenic gene expression as several signaling pathways (e.g., nuclear pore distortion,³² chromatin deformation,³² cell stiffening,³⁶ and NO signaling¹²) rely on physical connections. Mechanosensitive ion channels embedded within the cell membrane may also be responsible for the upregulation of myogenic genes.⁷⁵ ECM, extracellular matrix.