Fig. 4. Distinct metabolic signatures in hippocampus of the four depression models.

a–d The stress strategies in the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), learned helplessness (LH), chronic restraint stress (CRS) and social defeat (SD) models, respectively. e–h Heat maps of differential metabolites in the CUMS, LH, CRS and SD models, respectively. i Venn diagram of differential metabolites that were in common or unique to the CUMS and LH rat models. j Venn diagram of differential metabolites that were in common or unique to the CRS and SD rat models. k Venn diagram of differential metabolites that were in common or unique to the four depression models. l The details of these nine metabolites differentially expressed across all four models