Table 2.
Associations of maternal pregnancy and early childhood sugar-sweetened beverage, juice, and total fructose intake with midchildhood asthma
| Exposures |
N |
Model 0 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Maternal prenatal | ||||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 1,053 | |||
| Continuous servings/d | 1.36 (1.13–1.63) | 1.20 (0.98–1.47) | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | |
| Quartiles (vs. quartile 1) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 1.06 (0.66–1.69) | 1.01 (0.62–1.63) | 1.02 (0.63–1.66) | |
| Quartile 3 | 1.08 (0.68–1.71) | 0.97 (0.60–1.56) | 0.96 (0.59–1.56) | |
| Quartile 4 | 2.11 (1.38–3.22) | 1.70 (1.08–2.67) | 1.68 (1.07–2.65) | |
| Juice | 1,053 | |||
| Continuous servings/d | 1.22 (1.04–1.43) | 1.11 (0.94–1.32) | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | |
| Quartiles (vs. quartile 1) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 0.83 (0.52–1.31) | 0.92 (0.57–1.48) | 0.90 (0.56–1.46) | |
| Quartile 3 | 0.95 (0.60–1.49) | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 0.89 (0.55–1.42) | |
| Quartile 4 | 1.40 (0.91–2.14) | 1.27 (0.81–1.99) | 1.31 (0.83–2.05) | |
| Total fructose | 1,053 | |||
| Continuous 15 g/d | 1.35 (1.08–1.69) | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) | 1.18 (0.94–1.50) | |
| Quartiles (vs. quartile 1) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 1.27 (0.79–2.03) | 1.27 (0.78–2.06) | 1.27 (0.78–2.06) | |
| Quartile 3 | 1.34 (0.85–2.13) | 1.19 (0.73–1.93) | 1.20 (0.74–1.95) | |
| Quartile 4 | 1.90 (1.21–2.98) | 1.58 (0.98–2.53) | 1.60 (0.99–2.57) | |
| Early childhood | ||||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 924 | |||
| Continuous servings/d | 1.43 (1.09–1.87) | 1.09 (0.79–1.49) | 1.07 (0.78–1.48) | |
| Quartiles (vs. quartile 1) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 1.11 (0.68–1.82) | 0.96 (0.58–1.61) | 0.96 (0.58–1.61) | |
| Quartile 3 | 0.99 (0.59–1.68) | 0.71 (0.40–1.24) | 0.73 (0.41–1.29) | |
| Quartile 4 | 1.79 (1.18–2.70) | 1.19 (0.73–1.93) | 1.20 (0.74–1.94) | |
| Juice | 924 | |||
| Continuous servings/d | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1.10 (0.97–1.23) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | |
| Quartiles (vs. quartile 1) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 1.19 (0.77–1.84) | 1.20 (0.76–1.89) | 1.24 (0.79–1.95) | |
| Quartile 3 | 0.81 (0.47–1.41) | 0.70 (0.39–1.25) | 0.69 (0.39–1.24) | |
| Quartile 4 | 1.50 (0.95–2.36) | 1.49 (0.93–2.40) | 1.53 (0.95–2.47) | |
| Total fructose | 924 | |||
| Continuous 15 g/d | 1.20 (0.97–1.48) | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | |
| Quartiles (vs. quartile 1) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 1.62 (0.98–2.68) | 1.51 (0.90–2.54) | 1.48 (0.87–2.49) | |
| Quartile 3 | 1.42 (0.85–2.37) | 1.38 (0.81–2.36) | 1.34 (0.78–2.30) | |
| Quartile 4 | 1.93 (1.18–3.15) | 1.79 (1.07–2.97) | 1.77 (1.06–2.95) |
Definition of abbreviation: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
Model 0 is unadjusted. Model 1 is adjusted for maternal education, smoking during pregnancy, and prepregnancy body mass index; household income; and child age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Early childhood exposures are also adjusted for mother’s sugar-sweetened beverage intake (first- and second-trimester average). Model 2 represents model 1 also adjusted for child body mass index z-score in midchildhood.