Table 1.
Expression, means and 95% confidence intervals, relative to matched controls (value of 1) of signaling proteins and GPCRs in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic and depressive subjects
| Protein (prefrontal cortex) | Schizophrenia | Depression | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-catenin (total levels) | = 0.94 (0.62–1.26) | = 1.21 (0.60–1.82) | 94 S vs C |
| β-catenin P-S33/S37/T41 (GSK3β) | ↓ 0.76 (0.61–0.92) | = 1.34 (0.77–1.90) | |
| β-catenin P-S552 (Akt) | = 1.14 (0.48–1.81) | ↑ 2.42 (1.19–3.66) | |
| β-catenin P-S675 (PKA) | ↑ 2.34 (1.68–3.00) | ↑ 2.58 (1.11–4.05) | |
| GSK3β (total levels) | = 0.92 (0.65–1.17) | = 1.15 (0.73–1.57) | 94 S vs C |
| GSK3β P-S9 (Akt) | = 0.81 (0.39–1.24) | = 1.62 (0.90–2.33) | 94 S vs C |
| GSK3β P-Y216 | = 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | = 0.96 (0.82–1.10) | |
| PKCγ (total levels) | = 1.01 (0.70–1.34) | = 1.15 (0.72–1.58) | 95 D vs C |
| nNOS (total levels) | = 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | = 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 96 S vs C |
| nNOS P-S1417 (Akt) | ↓ 0.67 (0.45–0.89) | ↑ 1.51 (1.21–1.82) | |
| CaMKII P-T286 | = 0.98 (0.64–1.33) | ↑ 1.96 (1.08–2.84) | |
| σ1R (total levels) | = 0.97 (0.60–1.34) | = 0.88 (0.65–1.11) | |
| HINT1 (total levels) | ↓ 0.56 (0.49–0.63) | ↑ 1.56 (1.17–1.94) | 52 S vs C |
| 54 D vs C | |||
| NMDAR, NR1 (total levels) | = 0.95 (0.77–1.12) | = 1.08 (0.87–1.29) | 97 S vs C |
| 98 D vs C | |||
| NMDAR, NR1 C1 (total levels) | ↓ 0.59 (0.494–0.68) | ↑ 1.47 (1.23–1.71) | |
| MOR (total levels) | = 1.07 (0.87–1.27) | = 1.24 (0.81–1.66) | 99 S vs C |
| CB1R (total levels) | = 1.36 (0.70–2.04) | = 1.25 (0.77–1.75) | 100 S vs C |
| 60 S vs C | |||
| 61 S & D vs C | |||
| 5HT1AR (total levels) | = 1.14 (0.90–1.40) | = 1.08 (0.83–1.20) | 58 D vs C |
| 5HT2AR (total levels) | = 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | = 1.12 (0.96–1.28) | 58 D vs C |
| 59 D vs C | |||
| D2R (total levels) | = 1.11 (0.94–1.29) | = 0.86 (0.64–1.07) | 100 S vs C |
Proteins were determined by western blotting. Equal loading was verified and adjusted vs. α-tubulin, or for immunoprecipitated GPCRs vs. the heavy or light chains, as required, of the biotinylated immunoglobulins targeting the GPCR, which were captured by agarose streptavidin and accompanied the SDS-PAGE procedure. Human samples were matched as described in Methods into triplets containing one depressive, one schizophrenic and one control. Within each triplet, an arbitrary value of 1 was assigned to the control value and data from the schizophrenic and the depressive subjects were then compared to the matched control. Typically, the analysis was done on 24 triplets, with the exception of 5HT1AR and 5HT2AR, which was performed on 10 triplets. The means and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for the schizophrenic and depressive values (SigmaPlot v.13/Sigmastat). Arrows indicate significant increases or decreases in protein expression vs. the control group, p < 0.05. The symbol = indicates that the 95% CI included the control value of 1. Previous studies that have reported similar results are shown, indicating the groups of the comparison. Additional details are given in the Methods.