Box. General movements in non-European low- and middle-income countries.

Reference	Country (World Health Organization region 47 , World Bank income group 48 )	Cohort	General movements assessment	Outcome (age at follow-up; measures)	Main results
Yang et al. 49 (2012)	China (South-East Asia, upper middle income)	79 children with cerebral palsy (32 of them born preterm)	FM, MOS	2–5 years; gross motor function classification system 38	Only 1 infant had developed FM. Children with a low MOS have a limited functional mobility and activity at 2 to 5 years.
Ma et al. 32 (2015)	China (South-East Asia, upper middle income)	285 preterm infants with (n = 145) resp. without (n = 140) early intervention	writhing movements, FM	14 weeks postterm age; general movements assessment	Cramped-synchronized GM (though not poor-repertoire GM) were associated with lower birth weight and lower gestational age. The intervention resulted in an improvement of GM at 3 to 5 months, especially in preterm infants born at < 32 or > 34 weeks.
Zang et al. 51 (2016)	China (South-East Asia, upper middle income)	74 very low birth weight infants	FM MOS	12 months; PDMS-2 22	Both absent FM and a lower MOS were associated with a poor gross and fine motor performance.
Adde et al. 2 (2016)	India (South Asia, lower middle income)	243 very low birth weight infants	FM MOS	12 months; PDMS-2 22	Absent or abnormal FM and an abnormal concurrent motor repertoire were associated with a lower gross motor and total motor quotient.
Soleimani et al. 45 (2015)	Iran (Eastern Mediterranean, upper middle income)	15 infants born at or near term with perinatal asphyxia	FM	12–18 months; Infant Neurological International Battery 20	The presence or absence of FM was associated with the outcome (sensitivity: 0.80; specificity 1.00).
Burger et al. 9 (2011)	South Africa (Africa, upper middle income)	115 infants with a birth weight ≤ 1.250g	FM	12 months; PDMS-2 22 , AIMS 39 , neurological assessment 3	There was a significant association between FM and the outcome at 12 months.
Garcia et al. 24 (2004)	Brazil (Americas, upper middle income)	40 preterm infants with a gestational age < 35 weeks	preterm GM, writhing movements, FM	Follow-up every 3 months until 24 months; neurological examination and DDST 23	Abnormal GM were associated with brain injuries and neurological outcome. Normal GM were associated with normal neurological outcome.
Manacero et al. 33 (2012)	Brazil (Americas, upper middle income)	37 preterm infants born at < 34 weeks	preterm GM	14 months; test of infant motor performance 10 ; AIMS 39 ; pediatric evaluation of disability inventory 28	There was no relationship between GM and test of infant motor performance; pre-term infants with cramped-synchronized GM had a lower AIMS centile rank than those with poor-repertoire or normal GM.

AIMS: Alberta Infant Motor Scale; DDST: Denver Developmental Screening Test; FM: fidgety movements; GM: general movements; MOS: motor optimality score; PDMS-2: Peabody Developmental Motor Scales