Fig. 1.

Fabrication and characterization of a dialyzer. a Schematic illustration of the complex blood environment in a blood vessel demonstrating the challenge of bacterial capture. b Blood cleansing by flowing the bacteria-contaminated blood through a dialyzer. c SEM image showing the internal structure of a dialyzer composed of NWs pre-grown on CF, and a photo of whole NWs/CF shown in the inset. Scale bars in c and inset are 250 μm and 1 cm, respectively. d–g Structural characterization of single-crystalline NWs. d Low- and high-magnification (inset) SEM images. e TEM image showing the NW has only one crystal domain. f HRTEM image and g responding SAED pattern demonstrate single crystal feature. h–k Structural characterization of polycrystalline NWs. h Low- and high-magnification (inset) SEM images. i TEM image of an individual NiCo₂O₄ NW showing multi-grain boundaries. j HRTEM image and k responding SAED pattern confirm the multi-crystal zones. Scale bars in d and h are 10 μm. Scale bars in the insets of d and h are 500 nm. Scale bars in e and i are 200 nm. Scale bars in f and j are 5 nm