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. 2018 Feb 6;8:2489. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20650-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Delivery of HuMAbs into cells by OCBs and intracellular viral neutralization. (a) CLFM images of HuMAbs inside Vero cells: Vero cells incubated with flu-HuMAbs alone (top row), and flu-HuMAbs plus OCBs (bottom row), for 2 h; fluorescence signals from DAPI (blue, indicating nuclei) and flu-HuMAbs (green) are shown in column 1 and 2, respectively; cell images in phase contrast mode are shown in column 3. (b,c) Neutralization of viruses in Vero cells that have been infected with DENV serotype 1 (b) and serotype 4 (c) by incubating the DENV-infected cells with various concentrations of HuMAbs (alone or with 15 mg/L OCBs). (d) Proposed mechanisms of the intracellular neutralization of DENVs by HuMAbs; (1) HuMAbs bind to the viral envelope proteins before the proteins are assembled into viruses or (2) HuMAbs bind to the already assembled viruses before the viruses get out of the cells.