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. 2018 Feb 6;8:2481. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20535-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) A contour plot of the electric field distribution around the point of singularity. Values are given in kV/cm. The electric field is larger than 10 kV/cm within the blue area. (b) The map of fluid flow velocity in the channel. (c) Two-shell model of the yeast (not to scale) (d) Three-shell model of the E. coli (not to scale). The figure was drawn based on COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3.