Table 1.

The electrical properties of the dielectrics and cells used in this study.

Name	Value	Description
Solution and Dielectric29
${\sigma }_f$	1E-3 S/m	The conductivity of solution (Saline solution)
${\epsilon }_{r,f}$	78	The relative permittivity of solution (Saline solution)
${\sigma }_i$	1E-10 S/m	The conductivity of dielectric (Sodium Potassium Niobate)
${\epsilon }_{r,i}$	750	The relative permittivity of dielectric (Sodium Potassium Niobate)
Name	Value	Description	Name	Value	Description
Yeast 57			E. coli 53,58
$r_y$	4 $\mu m$	Yeast’s radius	$r_e$	2 $\mu m$	E. coli radius
${\sigma }_{p\text{\_}y}$	0.2 S/m	Cytoplasm’s conductivity	${\sigma }_{p\_e}$	0.22 S/m	Cytoplasm’s conductivity
${\epsilon }_{r,p\_y}$	50	Cytoplasm’s relative permittivity	${\epsilon }_{r,p\_e}$	60	Cytoplasm’s relative permittivity
${\sigma }_{s1\_y}$	2.5E-7 S/m	Membrane’s conductivity	${\sigma }_{s1\_e}$	1E-6 S/m	Inner membrane’s conductivity
${\epsilon }_{r,s1\_y}$	6	Membrane’s relative permittivity	${\epsilon }_{r,s1\_e}$	5.5	Inner membrane’s relative permittivity
$t{h}_{s1\_y}$	8 nm	Membrane’s thickness	$t{h}_{s1\_e}$	7 nm	Inner membrane’s thickness
${\sigma }_{s2\_y}$	1.4E-2 S/m	Cell wall’s conductivity	${\sigma }_{s2\_e}$	31* ${{\sigma }_f}^{0.4}$S/m	Periplasm’s conductivity
${\epsilon }_{r,s2\_y}$	60	Cell wall’s relative permittivity	${\epsilon }_{r,s2\_e}$	60	Periplasm’s relative permittivity
$t{h}_{s2\_y}$	220 nm	Cell wall’s thickness	$t{h}_{s2\_e}$	50 nm	Periplasm’s thickness
			${\sigma }_{s3\_e}$	1e-4 S/m	Outer membrane’s conductivity
			${\epsilon }_{r,s3\_e}$	12	Outer membrane’s relative permittivity
			$t{h}_{s3\_e}$	7 nm	Outer membrane’s thickness
Dead yeast 57			Electroporated E. coli 58,59
${\sigma }_{p\_dy}$	7E-3 S/m	Cytoplasm’s conductivity	${\sigma }_{p\_de}$	0.09 S/m	Cytoplasm’s conductivity
${\sigma }_{s1\_dy}$	1.6E-4 S/m	Membrane’s conductivity	${\sigma }_{s1\_de}$	1E-2 S/m	Inner membrane’s conductivity
${\sigma }_{s2\_dy}$	1.5E-3 S/m	Cell wall’s conductivity	${\sigma }_{s2\_de}$	31* ${{\sigma }_f}^{0.4}$S/m	Periplasm’s conductivity
			${\sigma }_{s3\_de}$	1 S/m	Outer membrane’s conductivity