Table 3. Characteristics of the selected studies.
| Study, year | Site | Population (n) | Type of interaction | Type of effect | Study designs | Quality rating score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andersen, Kragstrup [46], 2006 | Denmark | Patients treated (5,439 case, 59,574 control) | Research-oriented (sponsoring) | Prescribing behavior | Retrospective cohort study | 3 |
| Choudhry, Stelfox [47], 2002 | N-American and European societies | authors of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) (100) | Research-oriented (CPGs) | Ethical dilemma | Cross-sectional survey | 4 |
| Fisher and Kalbaugh [54], 2012 | United States | Informants (63) | Research-oriented (contract research) | Ethical dilemma | Cross-sectional qualitative study | 4 |
| Glass [48], 2004 | United States | US physicians participating in phase 3 trial (2,108) | Research-oriented (clinical grant) | Prescribing behavior | Cross-sectional quantitative study | 4 |
| Gray [49], 2013 | United States | University medical professor (1) | Research-oriented (funding) | Ethical dilemma | Case study (cross-sectional) |
5 |
| Henry, Doran [53], 2005 | Australia | medical specialists (823) | Research-oriented (sponsoring) | Ethical dilemma | Cross-sectional quantitative study | 4 |
| Myers, Shaheen [50], 2007 | Canada | physicians and nurses (229) | Research-oriented (sponsoring) | Research output | Cross-sectional randomized trial | 1 |
| [51], 2016 | United States | Otolaryngologists (1,515) | Research-oriented (support) | Research output | Quantitative study | 4 |
| Taylor, Huecker [18], 2016 | United States | US ophthalmologists (3011) | Education-oriented | Prescribing behavior | Cross-sectional quantitative study | 4 |
| Yeh, Franklin [52], 2016 | United States | Massachusetts physicians (2444) | Education-oriented | Prescribing behavior | Cross-sectional quantitative study | 4 |