Table 1. Counseling Elements Identified in Sessions and Definition of Terms.

Category	Counseling Elements Identified	Definition of Terms
Asking questions	Closed-ended question	Can facilitate obtaining specific information and can typically be answered in very few words. Closed-ended questions typically begin with is , are , or do .
	Open-ended question	Can facilitate a deeper exploration of issues, and typically cannot be answered in a few words. Open-ended questions typically begin with what , how , or why .
Responding to patients	Simple reflection	Involves identifying emotions of a patient and reflecting them back to clarify their affective experience.
	Complex reflection	Involves identifying emotions of a patient and expanding on what they have said to clarify their affective experience.
	Validation	Involves telling the patient what they are feeling is normal. Emotions are validated, not actions.
Providing information	Informing	The process of eliciting patients' informational needs and providing information to the patient.
Planning	Agenda setting	The process of determining what will be covered and addressed within the session.
	Action planning	The process of determining next steps, including homework, specific behavioral steps to accomplish the plan, a timeline, and a mechanism for accountability.