Figure 1.

To obtain intestinal epithelium, activin A could be used to differentiate hPSC into definitive endoderm (DE). This SOX17-positive DE could be differentiated into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The SOX2-positive foregut gives rise to stomach (HGO), while the CDX2-positive midgut and hindgut give rise to the small (HIO) and large intestines (HCO), respectively. These regional identities were originated by several signaling factors, such as WNTs, FGFs, and BMPs. hPSC, human pluripotent stem cell; FGFs, fibroblast growth factors; BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins.