Table 1.
S. no. | Name of intervention | Sponsor | Structure | Therapeutic target | Condition | Clinical development phase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Muscimol | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) | GABAA receptor | Epilepsy | Phase 1 | |
2 | Bumetanide | – | NKCC1 inhibition | Neonatal seizures | Phase 1 | |
3 | BGG492 (Selurampanel) | Novartis Pharmaceuticals | AMPA/kainate receptor antagonism | Refractory partial seizures | Phase 2 | |
4 | Ganaxolone | Marinus Pharmaceuticals | Positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors | Uncontrolled partial epilepsy; catamenial epilepsy | Phase 2 | |
5 | Buspirone | NINDS | 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist | Localized epilepsy | Phase 2 | |
6 | YKP3089 | SK Life Sciences | Sodium channel modulation, ↑ GABA release | Resistant partial onset seizures | Phase 2 | |
7 | PRX-00023 | NINDS | 5-HT receptors | TLE; partial epilepsy | Phase 2 | |
8 | GWP42003-P (Cannabidiol) | GW Research Ltd. INSYS Therapeutics Inc. |
– | Dravet syndrome Lennox Gastaut syndrome Myoclonic epilepsy |
Phase 2 Phase 3 |
|
9 | Verapamil | Beverly S. Wical, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare | Calcium channel modulation | Dravet syndrome | Phase 2 | |
10 | RWJ-333369 (carisbamate) | SK Life Science | Not elucidated | Partial epilepsy | Phase 3 | |
11 | Thalidomide | National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico | Refractory epilepsy | Phase 2 | ||
12 | VX-765 | Vertex Pharmaceuticals | Caspase-1 inhibitor | Resistant partial epilepsy | Phase 2 | |
13 | Eslicarbazepine acetate | Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. Bial-Portela USA |
Sodium channel inhibition | Epilepsy with partial onset seizures Refractory partial seizures |
Phase 3 | |
14 | Docosahexaenoic acid | Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM) | Refractory Seizures | Phase 3 | ||
15 | Seletracetam (ucb 44212) | UCB, Inc. | SV2A; presynaptic calcium channels inhibition | Partial onset seizures | Phase 3 | |
16 | USL255 | Upsher-Smith Laboratories | Sodium and calcium channels modulation | Refractory partial-onset seizures | Phase 3 | |
17 | Brivaracetam (ucb 34714) | UCB Inc. | Same as of levetiracetam | Epilepsy | Phase 3 | |
18 | Pregabalin | Pfizer | Calcium channel modulation | Partial onset seizures; primary GTC seizures | Phase 3 | |
19 | RAD001 (Everolimus) | Novartis Pharmaceuticals Baylor College of Medicine New York University School of Medicine |
mTOR inhibition | Tuberous sclerosis complex-associated refractory seizures | Phase 3 | |
20 | E2007 (Perampanel) | Eisai Inc. | Non-competitive AMPA antagonism | Refractory partial seizures; primary generalized tonic clonic seizures | Phase 3 | |
21 | TRI476 | Novartis Pharmaceuticals | Sodium channel modulation | Partial onset seizures | Phase 3 | |
22 | Retigabine/ezogabine | GlaxoSmithKline | Potassium channel modulation | Partial onset refractory seizures | Phases 3, 4 |