Table 1.

Current developmental status of new drugs for treatment of epilepsy.

S. no.	Name of intervention	Sponsor	Structure	Therapeutic target	Condition	Clinical development phase
1	Muscimol	National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)		GABAA receptor	Epilepsy	Phase 1
2	Bumetanide	–		NKCC1 inhibition	Neonatal seizures	Phase 1
3	BGG492 (Selurampanel)	Novartis Pharmaceuticals		AMPA/kainate receptor antagonism	Refractory partial seizures	Phase 2
4	Ganaxolone	Marinus Pharmaceuticals		Positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors	Uncontrolled partial epilepsy; catamenial epilepsy	Phase 2
5	Buspirone	NINDS		5-HT1A receptor partial agonist	Localized epilepsy	Phase 2
6	YKP3089	SK Life Sciences		Sodium channel modulation, ↑ GABA release	Resistant partial onset seizures	Phase 2
7	PRX-00023	NINDS		5-HT receptors	TLE; partial epilepsy	Phase 2
8	GWP42003-P (Cannabidiol)	GW Research Ltd. INSYS Therapeutics Inc.		–	Dravet syndrome Lennox Gastaut syndrome Myoclonic epilepsy	Phase 2 Phase 3
9	Verapamil	Beverly S. Wical, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare		Calcium channel modulation	Dravet syndrome	Phase 2
10	RWJ-333369 (carisbamate)	SK Life Science		Not elucidated	Partial epilepsy	Phase 3
11	Thalidomide	National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico			Refractory epilepsy	Phase 2
12	VX-765	Vertex Pharmaceuticals		Caspase-1 inhibitor	Resistant partial epilepsy	Phase 2
13	Eslicarbazepine acetate	Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. Bial-Portela USA		Sodium channel inhibition	Epilepsy with partial onset seizures Refractory partial seizures	Phase 3
14	Docosahexaenoic acid	Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine (CCNM)			Refractory Seizures	Phase 3
15	Seletracetam (ucb 44212)	UCB, Inc.		SV2A; presynaptic calcium channels inhibition	Partial onset seizures	Phase 3
16	USL255	Upsher-Smith Laboratories		Sodium and calcium channels modulation	Refractory partial-onset seizures	Phase 3
17	Brivaracetam (ucb 34714)	UCB Inc.		Same as of levetiracetam	Epilepsy	Phase 3
18	Pregabalin	Pfizer		Calcium channel modulation	Partial onset seizures; primary GTC seizures	Phase 3
19	RAD001 (Everolimus)	Novartis Pharmaceuticals Baylor College of Medicine New York University School of Medicine		mTOR inhibition	Tuberous sclerosis complex-associated refractory seizures	Phase 3
20	E2007 (Perampanel)	Eisai Inc.		Non-competitive AMPA antagonism	Refractory partial seizures; primary generalized tonic clonic seizures	Phase 3
21	TRI476	Novartis Pharmaceuticals		Sodium channel modulation	Partial onset seizures	Phase 3
22	Retigabine/ezogabine	GlaxoSmithKline		Potassium channel modulation	Partial onset refractory seizures	Phases 3, 4