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. 2018 Feb 7;8:2553. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20644-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Black carbon content in seagrass and mangrove sediment cores from Salut–Mengkabong lagoon and Little Swanport estuary. (a) BC down seagrass sediment cores determined via chemothermal oxidation (CTO), which is thought to measure soots, and concentrated nitric acid oxidation (NAO), which is thought to measure both soots and chars. The results of the sediment analysis are separated into those for silt-sand and those for silt–mud, ostensibly within the upper and lower regions of the Salut–Mengkabong lagoon, a tropical tide-dominated system in a moderately urban environment, and Little Swanport estuary, a temperate tide-dominated estuary in a rural environment with a history of forest fires. The amount of organic carbon isolated via CTO within the upper silt–mud regions is on average greater than the amount isolated by NAO; this discrepancy suggests the existence of recalcitrant carbons other than BC (Mann-Whitney U = 14.0, P < 0.001). (b) The results of sediment analysis for the mangrove forests of Salut–Mengkabong show that amounts of organic carbon isolated via CTO continue to be significantly greater than the amount isolated via NAO across the whole lagoon (for silt-sand mangrove sediments, Mann-Whitney U = 22.0, P < 0.004; for silt-mud sediments, Mann-Whitney U = 32.0, P < 0.001).