Table 2.

The Trigger Items of CHCMU and its PPV.

No	Triggers	Positive Triggers	ADEs †	PPV ‡ (%)
Laboratory Index
L1	Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) > 100 s1,9,23	23	4	17.4
L2	International normalized ratio (INR) > 3.51,20	2	1	50.0
L3	Hypoglycaemia (≤2.8 mmol.L−1)20	13	5	38.5
L4	Hyperglycaemia (≥7.8 mmol.L−1)12,20	40	5	12.5
L5	Rising urea or creatinine (>2 × baseline)12	3	0	0
L6	Rising alanine aminotransferase or aspartate transaminase or total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (>2 × baseline)1	115	14	12.2
L7	Hypokalemia (<3 mmol.L−1)1,12	32	6	18.8
L8	Hyperkalemia (>5.5 mmol.L−1)1,20	89	1	1.1
L9	Hyponatremia (<130 mmol.L−1)1,12,20	12	1	8.3
L10	Leukocyte count < 3*109.L−123,24	13	3	23.1
L11	Platelets count < 50*109.L−112	0	0	0
L12	Elevated drug levels: Vancomycin > 30 mg.L−1\ Amikacin > 5 mg.L−11,20	0	0	0
L13	Phenytoin > 40 mg.L−1\ Valproic acid > 150 mg.L−1\Phenobarbital > 50 mg.L−1\Carbamazepine > 15 mg.L−1\Clonazepam > 80 µg.L−1\Nitrazepam > 200 µg.L−1\Oxcarbazepine > 35 mg.L−1\Phenobarbital > 20 mg.L−1[20]	0	0	0
L14	Cyclosporin A > 400 µg.L−1 (treatment)\> 500 µg.L−1 (transplantation of organ)	0	0	0
L15	Elevated drug levels: Digoxin > 2 µg.L−1 1,23	0	0	0
L16	Elevated drug levels: Lidocaine > 5 mg.L−1 23	0	0	0
L17	Elevated drug levels: Theophylline > 20 g.L−1 1,23	0	0	0
Antidotes
A1	Anti-allergic or Adrenaline use6	312	21	6.8
A2	Flumazenil use6	45	40	88.9
A3	Naloxone\Nalmefene use6	54	23	42.6
A4	Anti-emetic use6	303	21	6.9
A5	Ongoing or intermittent laxative use20	321	20	6.2
A6	Protamine use20	16	2	12.5
A7	Antidiarrheal or Antidiarrheal administration23	364	35	9.6
A8	Glutathione use	161	16	9.9
A9	Nystatin and Sodium bicarbonate use	25	25	100
Clinical Symptoms
S1	Over sedation\hypotension\falls9	6	2	33.3
S2	Rash9,24	285	35	12.3
Intervention Measures
T1	Abrupt medication stop6	15	13	86.7
T2	Transfer to higher level of care10,20	15	4	26.7
T3	Rescue20	27	7	25.9
	Total	2291	304	13.3

^†ADEs, Adverse drug events; it indicates the number of adverse drug events detected by triggers, and different triggers in a patient can indicate same adverse drug events.

^‡PPV, Positive predictive value; it indicates the percentage of triggers that predict ADEs.