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. 2018 Feb 7;8:2555. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20863-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression of the PilM1 structure on the surface of L. lactis with the model peptide Ova_324–339 inserted at selected sites within the Spy0128 backbone pilus protein. (A) Western blot analysis of L. lactis cell wall extracts (CWE) with antiserum specific for M1_Spy0128 (pilus backbone protein). The high molecular band patterns are indicative of pilus assembly. For L. lactis strains that showed pilus expression after peptide insertion, flow cytometry was used to compare the expression levels of M1_Spy0128 (B) and Ova_324–339 peptide (C). Error bars show the standard deviation from 3 independent experiments. **p<0.005; ***p<0.0005; one-way ANOVA followed by a Holm-Sidak test.